Alqalam Journal of Science
type: channel
description: Alqalam Journal of Science (AJS) (eISSN: 3105-4579) is an authoritative source of information for professionals in a wide range of scientific disciplines. AJS is a multidisciplinary journal and therefore short communication, research and review papers of general significance that are written clearly and well organized will be given preference. Editorial office: research.utripoli@gmail.com 00218910737929
publisher: University of Tripoli Alahlia
language: en
publication name: Alqalam Journal of Science
items: The Role of Islamic Banking in Achieving Economic Development
items: Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Its Association with Gender and Occult Blood in Stool among Patients in Al-Bayda City, Libya.
items: Hidden Endocrine Burden: Hypothyroidism in Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Kosti Teaching Hospital, Sudan
items: Analyzing the Role of Blockchain in Enhancing Cybersecurity Infrastructure: A Comparative Study of Traditional and Decentralized Systems
items: A Study on Autoimmune Diseases: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment
items: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for the Advancement of the Arabic Language: Challenges and Future Opportunities
items: Comparative Evaluation of Natural and Organic Fertilizers Versus NPK on the Growth and Productivity of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
items: News Coverage of Irregular Migration Topics as Reflected on the Libyan News Agency Website from January 1 to July 31, 2025: An Analytical Study
items: The Impact of Economic Variables on Libya’s Monetary Reserves
items: The Utility of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Ultrasonography for Non-Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A Systematic Review
items: The Nature of Medical Liability in Libyan Law
items: Distribution of Migratory Birds in the Southern Oasis Regions (Ghat – Ubari – Murzuq), Libya (2025–2026)
items: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing the Quality of Financial Auditing in Libyan Banks: An Applied Study on Banks in Tobruk City
items: Feel Engine Performance Using Advanced Professional Techniques
items: Intelligent Solutions to Processor Error Rates: AI-Driven Diagnostics and Parallel Architecture Design
items: E-Learning: The Interaction Between Educational Theories and Implementation Mechanisms
items: Strategic Planning in Smart Supply Chains Using the Internet of Things and Predictive Analytics to Address Logistical Crises
items: Digital Transformation in the Financial Sector and Its Impact on Libyan Markets
items: Guiding the Selection of Academic Research Methodologies in Applied Contexts of Industrial Institution Management
items: Synthesis and Evaluation of Nanocomposites Based on Random Polyesters Reinforced with Graphene Oxide Particles: Effects on Composite Properties
items: School Bullying and Its Relationship to Psychosocial Adjustment Among Students: A Field Study on Secondary School Students in Janzur City
items: Topographic Influence on Vegetation Cover in the Akramah Region, Eastern Libya: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach
items: Well Test Interpretation with TDS Technique: Detection and Absence of Infinite Acting Radial Flow, Case Study
items: The Impact of Administrative Information Systems Quality on Employee Performance: A Case Study of the Jadu Education Supervision Office and Its Affiliated Schools
items: Design and Development of a Smart Home System Using Arduino Uno: An Applied Study on Security, Energy Efficiency, and Automation
items: The Role of Libyan Universities in Entrepreneurship Education and Cultural Dissemination from Students’ Perspectives: A Field Study at the Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tripoli
items: Data Interpolation Using Polynomial Methods and Cubic Spline
items: Geoclimatic Analysis of the Performance of 500-Watt Photovoltaic Solar Panels in Qasr Bin Ghashir, Libya
items: Raman Light Scattering Study of the Isotopic Construction Effects on the Lattice properties -TO and LO Phonon modes- of CuCl
items: The Impact of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on the Quality of Groundwater Surrounding Fuel Stations

The Role of Islamic Banking in Achieving Economic Development
type: item
description: This study examines the role of Islamic banks in supporting economic development by analyzing mechanisms of fund utilization and investment strategies adopted within these institutions. The research highlights the importance of Islamic banks, which have become active players in the global financial system due to their adherence to Islamic Sharia principles, avoidance of usurious transactions, and reliance on financing models based on profit‑and‑loss sharing. The study seeks to clarify the extent of Islamic banks’ contribution to mobilizing financial resources and directing them toward development projects by reviewing the scale of investments allocated to the economic sector. It also identifies strengths and weaknesses in the application of Sharia‑compliant investment models such as musharakah (partnership), mudarabah (profit‑sharing), murabaha (cost‑plus financing), and ijarah (leasing). In addition, the study reviews the jurisprudential framework governing banking transactions, particularly the concept of riba (usury), its types, and the distinction between it and legitimate profit in commercial activities. The research adopts a descriptive‑analytical approach, drawing on specialized literature and relevant scientific studies, to highlight the reality of Islamic banking operations and assess their capacity to meet development requirements. The findings reveal fundamental differences between Islamic and conventional banks, emphasizing the need to strengthen and diversify Sharia‑compliant investment tools, enhance transparency, and provide specialized expertise. The study recommends developing partnership‑based investment mechanisms and increasing reliance on medium‑ and long‑term financing models to improve the efficiency of the financial system and support economic growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islamic banks, economic development, Sharia‑compliant investment, musharakah, mudarabah, murabaha, riba.
  topic: keywords
creator: Meftah Al-Mabrouk Ali Masoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
starting page: 447
ending page: 458
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25320

Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Its Association with Gender and Occult Blood in Stool among Patients in Al-Bayda City, Libya.
type: item
description: Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, remains a major parasitic disease in developing countries, with significant health impacts across Africa and the Middle East. Despite improvements in sanitation, intestinal protozoal infections continue to be widespread in Libya. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. histolytica infection among patients in Al-Bayda City, Libya, and to evaluate its association with gender, age, and the presence of fecal occult blood (FOB) in stool samples. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 238 stool samples collected during 2024. Samples were examined for E. histolytica cysts and trophozoites and tested for occult blood using a rapid immunochromatographic method. Statistical analyses (chi-square and t-tests) were performed using R software, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The prevalence of E. histolytica was 23.1% (55/238). There was no significant association between infection and gender (χ²=0.00, p=0.983) or age (t=1.05, p=0.296). However, a strong association was found between E. histolytica infection and FOB positivity (χ²=21.9, p=0.0000193). The relationships between gender and FOB (χ²=0.00, p=0.99) and between age and FOB =0.42, p=0.673) were not significant. The high prevalence of E. histolytica and its strong association with occult blood indicate ongoing transmission and mucosal invasion among infected individuals in Al-Bayda City. Improved sanitation, public health education, and molecular confirmation of E. histolytica are essential to reduce infection rates and prevent severe outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Entamoeba histolytica, Prevalence, Al-Bayda, Libya, Gender, Fecal Occult Blood, Intestinal Parasites.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nisreen Faraj
creator: Khaled Triki
creator: Abdulwahed Hador
creator: Salem Bowashia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 442
ending page: 446
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25319

Hidden Endocrine Burden: Hypothyroidism in Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Kosti Teaching Hospital, Sudan
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and associated with long-term complications affecting various organs, including the eyes, nerves, kidneys, and endocrine glands. Among these, thyroid dysfunction—particularly hypothyroidism—has been under-investigated in diabetic populations, despite evidence suggesting a higher prevalence among type II diabetic patients compared to the general population. This coexistence may complicate glycemic control and diabetes management. This case-control hospital-based study was conducted at Kosti Teaching Hospital in Kosti City, White Nile State, Sudan, between April 1st and June 1st, 2023. The study enrolled 96 participants, including 66 patients with type II diabetes mellitus (cases) and 30 non-diabetic controls, selected randomly. All participants underwent detailed history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory testing for fasting blood glucose and thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4, and TSH). Data were collected using structured forms and analyzed statistically. The prevalence of hypothyroidism among type II diabetic patients was 19.6%. Among cases, the mean serum levels were: T3 = 0.72 ± 0.54 μg/dL, T4 = 4.01 ± 1.76 μg/dL, and TSH = 10.28 ± 6.96 μIU/mL. TSH elevation was observed in 22.7% of patients, low T4 in 19.6%, and low T3 in 16.6%. No significant correlation was found between thyroid hormone levels and age or sex. Approximately one-fifth of type II diabetic patients were found to have hypothyroidism. This hormonal imbalance may impair glycemic control and exacerbate complications. Routine screening for thyroid dysfunction in type II DM patients is recommended to improve clinical outcomes and reduce morbidity. داء السكري هو اضطراب شائع في الغدد الصماء يتميز بارتفاع مستوى السكر في الدم بشكل مزمن ويرتبط بمضاعفات طويلة الأمد تؤثر على أعضاء متعددة منها العينين والأعصاب والكلى والغدد الصماء ومن بين هذه المضاعفات يبرز خلل الغدة الدرقية وخاصة قصور الغدة الدرقية الذي لم يح…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Hormones.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamza Altomi
creator: Adil Ibrahim
creator: Salah Elsadig
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
starting page: 436
ending page: 441
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25318

Analyzing the Role of Blockchain in Enhancing Cybersecurity Infrastructure: A Comparative Study of Traditional and Decentralized Systems
type: item
description: Digital inflow of infrastructures has made certain, stable, and non-porous security systems more urgent and crucial. Although traditional centralized logging and monitoring systems are not only efficient in their speed and resource usage, but also susceptible to colossal and insider attacks. This paper explains how blockchain technology contribute to the improvement of the cybersecurity infrastructure with the help of a comparative analysis of the centralized and decentralized logging systems. The two systems were compared using 600,000 artificial log entries of 30 controlled experiments on measures like integrity detection, latency, throughput, resource usage, and resilience to adversarial environments, including replay and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. The results showed that the blockchain systems detected tampering 100 % and replay 0 % and 44 % resilience to DDoS conditions compared to the centralized system which only detected 5 % of tampered logs and failed in 87 % of replay attacks. However, blockchain integration incurred significantly greater computational cost, and the latency was nearly 30-fold; the usage of resources was over 200 % higher than centralized systems. These findings highlight the trade-off between efficiency and security, whereby blockchain is more efficient in terms of integrity and resiliency guarantees at the cost of performance. This paper ends by concluding that blockchain-based cybersecurity infrastructures possess a large potential in high-risk and mission-critical environments where the integrity and trust of data are the most relevant aspects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Centralized Systems, Decentralized Systems, Tamper Detection.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Wadi
creator: Ragb Saleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
starting page: 424
ending page: 435
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25317

A Study on Autoimmune Diseases: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment
type: item
description: Autoimmune diseases represent a complex and heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the immune system and lead to the destruction of the body’s own tissues. These conditions encompass a wide spectrum of health problems involving multiple organs, significantly impairing patients’ quality of life and posing major challenges for clinicians and researchers. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of autoimmune diseases, including their potential causes, types and classification, diagnostic approaches, and available treatments. A selection of scientific studies was reviewed using specialized databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Previous research and theoretical references were analyzed to gain deeper insights into autoimmune diseases. Findings indicate that autoimmune disorders result from abnormal immune responses directed against self-tissues. Prior studies have highlighted genetic, environmental, and immunological factors as possible contributors to disease onset. The study concludes that advancing our understanding of autoimmune diseases and developing targeted therapies that address specific pathogenic pathways are of critical importance. Furthermore, research efforts should emphasize the psychological and social impacts of these conditions and ensure adequate patient support. Continued investigation is encouraged to identify contributing factors and to develop effective strategies for prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases. تعتبر الأمراض المناعية الذاتية مجموعة معقدة ومتنوعة التي تؤثر على جهاز المناعة وتؤدي إلى تدمير أنسجة الجسم الخاصة به. تشمل هذه الحالات مجموعة واسعة من الاضطرابات الصحية التي تصيب أعضاءً مختلفة من الجسم، مما يؤثر بشكل كبير على نوعية الحياة للمرضى ويشكل تحديات كبيرة للأطباء والباحثين. تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى استعراض وتحليل الأمراض المناعية الذاتية بشكل شامل، بما في ذلك الأسباب المحتملة، أنواعها وتصنيفها والتشخيص، والعلاجات المتاحة. تمت مراجعة بعض الابحاث العلمية المتاحة حول الأمراض المناعية الذاتية …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Autoimmune diseases, immune system, autoantibodies
  topic: keywords
creator: Belaid Salim Albarbar
creator: Hanan Salem Alzarrouq Agha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
starting page: 418
ending page: 423
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25316

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for the Advancement of the Arabic Language: Challenges and Future Opportunities
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) represents one of the most transformative technologies of the digital age, having evolved beyond industrial applications to become a pivotal force in language and human communication. This study aims to explore the role of AI in supporting the Arabic language by analyzing its practical applications, identifying the challenges hindering the development of Arabic-language tools, and anticipating future prospects. The research is grounded in the hypothesis that, despite the morphological richness, semantic depth, and cultural significance of Arabic, the language continues to face technical integration barriers due to its complex derivational system, dialectal diversity, and the scarcity of machine-learning-ready digital datasets. يُعدّ الذكاء الاصطناعي أحد أبرز التحوّلات التقنية في العصر الرقمي، إذ تجاوز نطاق المهام الصناعية ليصبح عنصرًا فاعلًا في ميدان اللغة والتواصل الإنساني. تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى بيان دور الذكاء الاصطناعي في خدمة اللغة العربية من خلال تحليل تطبيقاته العملية، ورصد التحديات التي تواجه تطوير أدواته، واستشراف آفاقه المستقبلية.ينطلق البحث من فرضية مفادها أن اللغة العربية، رغم غناها الصرفي والدلالي ومكانتها الحضارية، لا تزال تواجه صعوبات في الاندماج التقني بسبب تعقيد نظامها الاشتقاقي، وتعدد لهجاتها، وندرة البيانات الرقمية المهيّأة للتعلّم الآلي. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واستندت إلى مقارنة واقعية بين تجارب اللغات العالمية والعربية في مجال المعالجة الطبيعية للغات .تبيّن النتائج أن الذكاء الاصطناعي أسهم في تطوير مجالات متعددة مثل الترجمة الآلية، والتعرّف على الكلام، وتوليد النصوص، والتعليم الذكي. غير أنّ توظيفه في خدمة العربية ما زال يواجه تحديات تقنية ولغوية ومؤسساتية، أبرزها: ضعف قواعد البيانات العربية، وصعوبة تمثيل التشكيل والإعراب، وهيمنة اللغات الأجنبية على نماذج الذكاء الاصطناعي.وتخلص الدراسة إلى ضرورة تعزيز التعاون بين اللغويين والمبرمجين، وبناء موارد لغوية عربية مفتوحة، وتبنّي سياسات رقمية تدعم حضور العربية في الفضاء الذكي العالمي. كما تؤكد أن مستقبل الذكاء الاصطناعي اللغوي يجب أن يكون إنسانيّ التوجّه، يحترم …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence – Arabic Language – Technical Challenges – Future Opportunities
  topic: keywords
creator: Nagwa Saad Salem Saad
creator: Safia Meftah Salem Al-Basha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
starting page: 407
ending page: 417
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25315

Comparative Evaluation of Natural and Organic Fertilizers Versus NPK on the Growth and Productivity of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
type: item
description: This study aimed to assess the effects of various natural and organic fertilizers in comparison with chemical NPK fertilizer on the growth and productivity of local peppermint plants (Mentha piperita L.) under controlled cultivation conditions in the herbarium of the Faculty of Science, Sebha University, during the spring season of 2022. Six fertilization treatments were applied: compost tea, baker’s yeast, rice solution, coffee solution, NPK fertilizer, and a control group without fertilization. Each treatment was replicated three times. Growth parameters, including total plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight, were measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a significance level of 0.05. The results revealed statistically significant differences among treatments, with compost tea and NPK fertilizer showing superior performance in enhancing plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight compared to other treatments. Compost tea recorded the highest average plant height (60 cm), while the highest dry weight was observed in the NPK treatment (34.07 g). In contrast, rice and coffee treatments exhibited minimal impact on growth indicators. The study recommends minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers due to their environmental and health implications, and advocates for the adoption of environmentally safe organic fertilizers. It also emphasizes the importance of agricultural awareness regarding the role of natural fertilization in improving production quality and soil sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organic Fertilizers, NPK Fertilizer, Peppermint Growth, Plant Productivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Mona Abdo
creator: Afia Douma
creator: Asmaa Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-12
publication date: 2025-11-12
starting page: 392
ending page: 400
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25313

News Coverage of Irregular Migration Topics as Reflected on the Libyan News Agency Website from January 1 to July 31, 2025: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study aims to monitor the news coverage of irregular migration topics as reflected on the Libyan News Agency website during the period from January 1 to July 31, 2025. It explores the types of news genres, their stylistic formats and sources, the nationalities and countries of origin of migrants, their routes of entry into Libya, the methods employed by responsible authorities in dealing with them, the styles, types, and objectives of news coverage on irregular migration topics, the accompanying images, the consequences resulting from irregular migration, and the solutions and proposals presented by the relevant authorities. Among the most significant findings of the study is that the priority in publication was given to the news genre, accounting for 93.5%. The value of importance ranked highest among news values at 41%, followed by human interest at 27%. The Libyan News Agency website relied primarily on its own sources (30.7%), followed by the Anti-Illegal Migration Agency (25.6%). The highest percentage of migrant origin was classified as “unspecified” (23%), with a total of 3,031 migrants recorded during the study period. The second highest category was “various nationalities” at 10%. The proportion of migrants who were rescued reached 60%. Deportation ranked first among the methods of dealing with irregular migrants (34.6%), followed by rescue operations (16.6%). The highest percentage of human traffickers came from Bangladesh (34%), followed by Libyan traffickers (27.5%). The most prominent objective was maintaining internal security in Libya (39.7%), followed by promoting respect for laws (29%). The most notable styles of news coverage were the security and legal approaches, at nearly equal rates of 33% and 32%, respectively. The most serious consequence of irregular migration was forgery (35.8%), followed by smuggling (16.6%). The most important solutions implemented or proposed, according to the news coverage, were securing Libya’s borders (35.8%), fo…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: News coverage, irregular migration, Libyan News Agency website.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fathia Rahouma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-08
publication date: 2025-11-08
starting page: 372
ending page: 391
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25312

The Impact of Economic Variables on Libya’s Monetary Reserves
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of local and international economic variables on Libya’s monetary reserves, with a focus on the role these reserves play in achieving financial and economic stability. The research aims to explore the nature of the relationship between key economic indicators—such as oil prices, exchange rates, government spending levels, and the volume of monetary reserves—and to analyze the factors influencing these reserves. It also investigates the policies and measures adopted by the Central Bank of Libya to preserve reserve levels. The study employs a descriptive analytical approach by reviewing and analyzing economic indicators in the context of both domestic and global variables. The findings reveal that monetary reserves are a fundamental component in maintaining national economic stability. Their management requires prudent policies and balanced utilization. Libya possesses strong monetary reserves, but sustaining economic stability demands comprehensive reforms and effective political cooperation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economic Variables, Monetary Reserves, Libyan State
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Emran
creator: Tawfiq Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 360
ending page: 371
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25311

The Utility of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Ultrasonography for Non-Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Preeclampsia and eclampsia are leading causes of maternal mortality, with neurological complications being major contributors. These events are strongly linked to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), which is challenging to diagnose clinically. Invasive ICP monitoring, the gold standard, is often contraindicated in this population due to coagulopathy risks. This review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate the existing literature on the use of ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement as a non-invasive surrogate for ICP monitoring in patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2000 and 2023. Search terms included "preeclampsia," "eclampsia," "intracranial pressure," "optic nerve sheath diameter," and "ultrasonography." The review focused on clinical studies, validation papers, and systematic reviews relevant to the application of ONSD in obstetrics and neurocritical care. The reviewed literature consistently demonstrates a strong anatomical and physiological basis for ONSD as an ICP surrogate. Clinical studies confirm that preeclamptic and eclamptic patients have significantly larger ONSD values compared to healthy pregnant controls, and that these diameters decrease following delivery and magnesium sulfate therapy. Ultrasonographic ONSD measurement is a highly promising, non-invasive tool for identifying raised ICP in preeclampsia. Its integration into clinical practice could facilitate earlier intervention and improve maternal outcomes. Future research should focus on standardizing measurement protocols, establishing definitive cut-off values, and validating its prognostic value in large-scale prospective trials. تُعد مقدمات الارتعاج والارتعاج من الأسباب الرئيسية لوفيات الأمهات، وتُسهم المضاعفات العصبية بشكل كبير في هذه الوفيات. وترتبط هذه الحالات ارتباطًا وثيقًا بارتفاع الضغط داخل الجمجمة، والذي يُعد من الحالات الصعبة في التشخيص السر…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Preeclampsia, Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter, Neurological Monitoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Zakiya Miftah Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 355
ending page: 359
doi: 10.69667/ajs.253310

The Nature of Medical Liability in Libyan Law
type: item
description: The medical profession is one of the oldest and most noble vocations known to humanity. It is also among the most critical, given its direct connection to human life and physical well-being. Beyond its practical role, medicine is a core objective of Islamic law and a foundational pillar of modern legal systems. The physician is not merely a practitioner, but a central figure in an integrated process aimed at preserving life and safeguarding human dignity. Health is a blessing whose value is truly appreciated only by those who have endured the pain and burdens of illness. By divine mercy, there have always been individuals in every time and place who are guided to discover remedies that lead to healing. The Libyan legislator made a commendable step by enacting Law No. 17 of 1986 concerning medical liability. This law represents a focused legal framework addressing a specific category—medical and allied health professions. In Libya, medical liability is considered contractual in nature when a valid agreement exists between the patient and physician, fulfilling all legal conditions and elements. In the absence of such a contractual relationship, liability assumes a tort-based nature. Thus, medical liability in Libya is dual in character. إن مهنة الطبيب من المهن التي وجدت منذ آلاف السنين، وهي من المهن النبيلة، وأكثرها خطورة لارتباطها الوثيق بحياة الإنسان وسلامة جسده، وقبل كل ذلك فهي مقصد من مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية، وركيزة من ركائز الأنظمة القانونية المعاصرة؛ فالطبيب ليس صاحب مهنة فحسب، بل هو طرف أساسي في عملية متكاملة تستهدف صون الحياة، والحفاظ على النفس البشرية؛ فالصحة نعمة لا يعرف قيمتها إلا الذين ذاقوا آلام المرض، وجربوا همومه ومتاعبه. وقد اقتضت رحمة الله تعالى بعباده أن يوجد في كل زمان ومكان أناسًا يوفقهم إلى معرفة الدواء الذي يؤدي إلى الشفاء من العلل والأسقام. وقد أحسن المشرِّع الليبي صنعًا بإصداره القانون رقم (17) لسنة 1986م بشأن المسئولية الطبية، ويعتبر بؤرة جديدة يختص بفئة معينة، وهي المهن الطبية والطبية المساعدة، وتعتبر المسئولية الطبية في ليبيا ذات طبيعة عقدية…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Liability, Libyan Law, Medical Profession
  topic: keywords
creator: Sami Al-Farjani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 335
ending page: 342
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25308

Distribution of Migratory Birds in the Southern Oasis Regions (Ghat – Ubari – Murzuq), Libya (2025–2026)
type: item
description: The Saharan oases of Ghat, Ubari, and Murzuq form a sparse network of freshwater and palm-grove habitats that likely serve as short stopovers for Palearctic and Afro-tropical migrants. Yet, standardized, season-resolved data from Libya’s deep desert remain scarce. This study (2025–2026) will quantify seasonal variation in species composition and abundance across these three oasis systems and test how hydrological conditions (water surface area, depth, electrical conductivity as a salinity proxy) and disturbance (people, vehicles, livestock, gunfire, dogs) shape migrant use. We will conduct synchronized point counts and scan counts on open water and groves in autumn, winter, and spring, with distance sampling/time-of-detection to address detectability. Each visit will include standardized habitat measurements and georeferenced photo/audio vouchers; data will be archived to open repositories and aligned with International Waterbird Census protocols to enable comparisons with national winter baselines. Analyses (GLMMs/GAMs, ordination, turnover metrics) will test explicit hypotheses about seasonal change, species–environment relationships, and stopover timing relative to pre-Saharan versus trans-Saharan strategies. Outputs include: (i) bilingual checklists and abundance indices per site/season, (ii) a decision-ready monitoring protocol, (iii) a KBA screening table against BirdLife thresholds, and (iv) management guidance on water-level stewardship and disturbance buffers. The project will close a major geographic data gap in Libya’s monitoring network and provide defensible evidence to support conservation planning in Fezzan’s oasis landscapes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migratory Birds; Oasis Wetlands; Fezzan (Libya); Stopover Ecology; Hydrology–Biodiversity Links; Disturbance; IWC/IBA–KBA; Distance Sampling
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdoul Baset Hassen–Aboushiba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-26
publication date: 2025-10-26
starting page: 325
ending page: 334
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25307

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing the Quality of Financial Auditing in Libyan Banks: An Applied Study on Banks in Tobruk City
type: item
description: This study highlights the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in improving the quality of financial auditing in Libyan banks. The research problem is defined as examining the impact of AI technologies on the auditing process within Libyan financial institutions by monitoring and evaluating the mechanisms of AI implementation in these banks. To achieve the study’s objective, a structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to the study population, which included bank managers, financial directors, financial auditors, and heads of accounting departments in Tobruk City. A total of 50 validated questionnaires were distributed, and statistical tests were conducted on the collected data. The findings revealed that Libyan banks currently employ AI technologies in a limited capacity, particularly in areas related to expert systems, neural networks, machine learning, robotics, and natural language processing. The study also identified several challenges hindering the effective use of AI in financial auditing across Libya. In conclusion, the study recommends enhancing the adoption of AI mechanisms in Libyan banks, emphasizing their potential to add significant value to the financial auditing process. ألقت الدراسة الضوء على دور الذكاء الاصطناعي في تعزيز جودة التدقيق المالي في المصارف اللبيبة وتتحدد مشكله الدراسة في بيان أثر استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي على عمليه التدقيق داخل المصارف الليبية من خلال رصد وتقييم آليات الذكاء الاصطناعي داخل المصارف اللبيبة ؛ ولتحقيق هدف الدراسية تم استخدام استمارة استبيان وتوزيعها على مجتمع الدراسة مكون من كافة مدراء المصارف في مدينة طبرق والمدراء الماليين والمدققين الماليين ورؤساء الأقسام المحاسبية وعدد الاستمارات (50) أستمارة تم توزيع الاستبيان بعد التحكيم على أفراد عينه الدراسة بعد اجراء الاختبارات الاحصائية على بيانات الدراسة ؛ قد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج كان مفادها أن المصارف الليبية تستخدم تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي بشكل محدود فيما يخص الأليات متعلقة النظم الخيرة والشبكات العصبية والتعليم الآلي والروبورتات ومعالجة اللغة ا…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence Mechanisms, Financial Audit Quality, Expert Systems, Algorithms
  topic: keywords
creator: Hanan Jumaa
creator: Basma Suleiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-26
publication date: 2025-10-26
starting page: 295
ending page: 324
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25306

Feel Engine Performance Using Advanced Professional Techniques
type: item
description: The study explores the use of advanced professionalization techniques to improve engine performance in conventional, hybrid, and electric engines. It uses an experimental approach and a descriptive and analytical approach to examine trends in the field. Results show that modern technologies like artificial intelligence-based smart control systems improve engine efficiency. Integrating electric motors with internal combustion engines in hybrid systems also improves performance and reduces emissions. Nanotechnology reduces wear and performance, while big data analytics tools predict failures. The study recommends supporting research into advanced engine materials, adopting alternative energy technologies, and developing standard engine testing criteria. تتناول هذه الدراسة استخدام تقنيات الاحتراف المتقدمة لتحسين أداء المحركات التقليدية والهجينة والكهربائية. وقد اعتمدت منهجًا تجريبيًا إلى جانب أسلوب وصفي وتحليلي لفحص الاتجاهات الحديثة في هذا المجال. أظهرت النتائج أن التقنيات الحديثة، مثل أنظمة التحكم الذكية المعتمدة على الذكاء الاصطناعي، تسهم بشكل فعّال في رفع كفاءة المحركات. كما أن دمج المحركات الكهربائية مع محركات الاحتراق الداخلي في الأنظمة الهجينة يؤدي إلى تحسين الأداء العام وتقليل الانبعاثات الضارة. وأشارت الدراسة إلى أن استخدام تقنيات النانو يساهم في تقليل التآكل وتحسين الأداء، بينما تساعد أدوات تحليل البيانات الضخمة في التنبؤ بالأعطال المحتملة. وفي ضوء هذه النتائج، توصي الدراسة بدعم البحث العلمي في مجال المواد المتقدمة للمحركات، وتبني تقنيات الطاقة البديلة، إلى جانب تطوير معايير موحدة لاختبار أداء المحركات
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Engine Performance Improvement, Advanced Proficiency Technologies, Thermal Efficiency- Artificial Intelligence.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Mokari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-19
publication date: 2025-10-19
starting page: 289
ending page: 294
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25305

Intelligent Solutions to Processor Error Rates: AI-Driven Diagnostics and Parallel Architecture Design
type: item
description: The study focuses on the high error rates in modern electronic devices due to algorithmic issues, interference, and structural defects. It uses questionnaires, interviews, and data analysis to investigate causes and strategies for mitigating processor failures. Key discoveries include artificial intelligence for error correction, multi-core processing methods, and improved calculations. The report recommends developing accurate testing programs, improving collaboration, improving algorithms, and designing parallel processors. تركز هذه الدراسة على معدلات الخطأ المرتفعة في الأجهزة الإلكترونية الحديثة، الناتجة عن مشكلات خوارزمية، وتداخل الإشارات، والعيوب الهيكلية. وقد استخدمت الدراسة الاستبيانات والمقابلات وتحليل البيانات للتحقيق في الأسباب المحتملة ووضع استراتيجيات للحد من أعطال المعالجات. ومن أبرز الاكتشافات التي توصلت إليها الدراسة: استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي لتصحيح الأخطاء، وتطبيق أساليب المعالجة متعددة النوى، وتحسين دقة العمليات الحسابية. ويوصي التقرير بتطوير برامج اختبار دقيقة، وتعزيز التعاون بين الجهات المعنية، وتحسين الخوارزميات، وتصميم معالجات موازية أكثر كفاءة
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Processor Errors, Processor Design, Error Correction Techniques, Parallel Processing
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-19
publication date: 2025-10-19
starting page: 284
ending page: 288
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25304

E-Learning: The Interaction Between Educational Theories and Implementation Mechanisms
type: item
description: E-learning has become an essential component across all stages of education, supported by the increasing availability of technologies necessary for its implementation. Scientific research has consistently highlighted its role in enhancing learners’ achievement compared to traditional education. However, the random application of e-learning environments without reference to established theories and methods of teaching and learning may lead to negative outcomes. This study therefore, emphasizes the importance of aligning e-learning technologies with pedagogical theories and instructional methods, which represent the accumulated intellectual contributions of humanity across different eras. The paper presents key educational theories and teaching methods that can be effectively integrated into e-learning environments, with a focus on mechanisms and strategies for employing multimedia technologies. Furthermore, through an analysis of findings from previous studies that evaluated the application of various learning theories in e-learning contexts, the study demonstrates the improvement in learner achievement and underscores the significance of combining learning theories with e-learning technologies. التعليم الالكتروني أصبح من الضروريات في جميع مراحل التعليم وتزايد توفر التقنيات الضرورية لتفعيله، كما أن الأبحاث العلمية اكدت على دوره في الرفع من مستوى تحصيل المتعلم مقارنة بالتعليم التقليدي. وبناء على أهمية استخدام بيئة التعليم الالكتروني فإن تطبيقه بصورة عشوائية ودون التطرق الى نظريات وطرق التعليم والتعلم قد ينتج عنه نتائج سلبية، ولهذا فإن البحث سيتركز على أهمية التوئمة بين تقنيات التعليم الالكتروني وضرورة توظيف نظريات وطرق التعليم والتي تعتبر نتاج للفكر الإنساني على مر عصور والذي. هذه الدراسة تعرض اهم نظريات وطرق التعليم والتعلم التي يمكن توظيفها في بيئة التعليم الالكتروني مع توضح لآليات وأساليب توظيفها باستخدام تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة. وتؤكد الدراسة من خلال تحليل نتائج عدد من الأبحاث السابقة والتي قامت بتقييم تطبيق عدد نظريات التعليم في بيئة التعليم الالكتروني, حيث أثبتت…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-learning; Educational theories and teaching methods; Multimedia technologies; Distance education; Educational technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Abuagila Musa Abubaker
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 401
ending page: 406
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25314

Strategic Planning in Smart Supply Chains Using the Internet of Things and Predictive Analytics to Address Logistical Crises
type: item
description: The research aims to examine strategic planning in smart supply chains using the Internet of Things (IoT) and predictive analytics to address logistics crises. The research adopted a descriptive analytical approach, with data collected from a random sample of 100 supply chain managers and employees across the industrial (40%), commercial (35%), and logistics (25%) sectors. The data was collected using a questionnaire focusing on the Internet of Things, predictive analytics, and crisis management. The data were analyzed using SPSS to extract frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The results showed that the Internet of Things enhances product traceability (mean 4.2) and reduces inventory errors (mean 4.0), but faces the challenge of high costs (mean 4.3). Predictive analytics, on the other hand, supports proactive decision-making (mean 4.2), despite the need for advanced technical skills (mean 4.3). The results also confirmed that these technologies enhance supply chain resilience (mean 4.2), while also posing challenges related to privacy and security (mean 4.3). The findings underscore the importance of integrating these technologies to improve operational efficiency and reduce risk, while addressing costs, developing technical skills, and enhancing cybersecurity. Recommendations include increasing investment in the Internet of Things, developing training programs, improving security, incorporating predictive analytics into planning, and encouraging cross-sector collaboration to ensure effective integration and sustainable performance. يهدف البحث إلى دراسة التخطيط الاستراتيجي في سلاسل التوريد الذكية باستخدام إنترنت الأشياء والتحليلات التنبؤية لمواجهة الأزمات اللوجستية. اعتمد البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث تم جمع البيانات من عينة عشوائية مكونة من 100 فرد من مديري وموظفي سلاسل التوريد في قطاعات صناعية (40%)، تجارية (35%)، ولوجستية (25%)، باستخدام استبيان يركز على إنترنت الأشياء، التحليلات التنبؤية، وإدارة الأزمات. تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام برنا…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Strategic planning, smart supply chains, Internet of Things, predictive analytics, logistics crises
  topic: keywords
creator: Mabrouk Mustafa Mohamed Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 343
ending page: 354
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25309

Digital Transformation in the Financial Sector and Its Impact on Libyan Markets
type: item
description: The world has witnessed a rapid digital transformation، and Libya is no exception to this transformational change، as this transformation aims to integrate digital technology into all aspects of life، from government to business to individuals،The study aimed to shed light on the digital diversity in Libya، as this diversity is based on the Libyan diversity، as the study relies on analytical descriptive models that rely on digital visual study and reliance on digitization and makes it clear، especially in the Libyan market،The study reached several results، including the most important obstacles and challenges: The integration of neural networks، especially the Internet، in addition to data defects and security challenges، are among the most prominent obstacles that hinder the effective implementation of digital transformation. يشهد العالم تحولًا رقميًا سريعًا، وليبيا ليست استثناءً من هذا التغير الجذري، ويهدف هذا التحول إلى دمج التكنولوجيا الرقمية في جميع جوانب الحياة، من الحكومة إلى الأعمال التجارية، وصولًا إلى الأفراد، وهدفت الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على واقع التحول الرقمي في ليبيا، وتأثير هذا التحول على الأسواق الليبية. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، الذي يقوم على دراسة ووصف التحولات الرقمية، ومدى الاعتماد على الرقمنة، وتأثيرها على الأسواق والاقتصاد، وبوجه خاص السوق الليبي، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج، من أهمها ما يتعلق بالعوائق والتحديات، حيث يُعدّ ضعف البنية التحتية، وخاصة الإنترنت، بالإضافة إلى نقص التشريعات والتحديات الأمنية، من أبرز العوائق التي تعرقل تطبيق التحول الرقمي بشكل فعّال
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital transformation, Libya, challenges and barriers, Libyan markets
  topic: keywords
creator: Emadabdullah Massoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 275
ending page: 283
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25303

Guiding the Selection of Academic Research Methodologies in Applied Contexts of Industrial Institution Management
type: item
description: This paper guides on selecting appropriate research methodologies for addressing real-world challenges within industrial institutions. It emphasizes the importance of choosing a research strategy that aligns with the study’s objectives and effectively responds to questions that reflect the nature of the problem under investigation. Despite the growing relevance of applied research in industrial management, existing guidelines for selecting suitable methodologies in this domain remain limited. Accordingly, this paper aims to offer a structured framework for identifying and applying research methodologies that support successful collaboration between industry and academia. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, the study explores and clarifies foundational principles for conducting collaborative research, comparing methodological approaches using a set of evaluative criteria. This contribution enhances existing methodological discourse in industrial management by promoting more informed and impactful research practices. The literature review reveals that most published studies in industrial management tend to focus on specific technical functions or activities. Often, the rationale for selecting a particular methodology is either unclear or not explicitly stated. Comparative analysis of research approaches highlights both general similarities and distinct differences. The spectrum of methodologies ranges from data-intensive techniques requiring narrow domain expertise to case study designs that engage with a limited number of cases and rely on broad, interdisciplinary knowledge to analyze complex systems in depth. Attention to research design can significantly enhance the scientific and practical value of research outcomes. The findings suggest that the choice of research strategy should be driven by the primary objective of the study and its intended academic and industrial contributions. The paper concludes that while research methodologies serve diverse …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Research methodology, industrial institution management, research approach, research strategy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Salem
creator: Khaled El-Akruti
creator: Abdullah Almashriqi
creator: Lubna Qarqoom
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 264
ending page: 274
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25302

Synthesis and Evaluation of Nanocomposites Based on Random Polyesters Reinforced with Graphene Oxide Particles: Effects on Composite Properties
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of random polyesters. The nanocomposites were synthesized using a step-growth polymerization technique, incorporating varying concentrations of GO (1%, 2%, and 3%). Mechanical tensile testing, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to assess the performance of the prepared samples. The results revealed that a low concentration (1%) of GO significantly enhanced the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the polyester matrix, in addition to improving its crystalline structure. Conversely, higher concentrations (2% and 3%) led to nanoparticle agglomeration and a noticeable decline in both mechanical and thermal performance due to poor dispersion within the polymer matrix. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing filler content to improve composite properties and support their potential application in biomedical and electronic fields. يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة تأثير جسيمات أكسيد الجرافين على الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية والميكانيكية للبولي إيسترات العشوائية. تم تحضير المركبات باستخدام تقنية البلمرة المتسلسلة، مع إضافة نسب مختلفة من أكسيد الجرافين (1%، 2%، 3%)، ومن ثم إجراء اختبارات الشد، التحليل الحراري، وحيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) لتقييم أداء العينات. أظهرت النتائج أن النسبة المنخفضة (1%) من أكسيد الجرافين ساعدت على تحسين الخصائص الميكانيكية بشكل ملحوظ وزيادة الاستقرار الحراري للبولي إيسترات، إضافةً إلى تحسين الترتيب البلوري للمادة. في المقابل، أدى استخدام نسب أعلى (2%، 3%) إلى تجمع الجسيمات النانوية وتراجع ملحوظ في الأداء الميكانيكي والحراري نتيجة لعدم تجانس التوزيع داخل المصفوفة البوليمرية. تؤكد هذه النتائج أن التحكم في نسب الإضافة يعد عاملاً أساسياً في تحسين خواص المواد المركبة وإمكانية توظيفها في تطبيقات عملية متنوعة، خصوصًا في المجالات الطبية الحيوية والإلكترونية
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Random polyesters – Graphene oxide – Nanocomposites – Mechanical properties – Thermal stability – X-ray diffraction
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryam Alshaibani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 256
ending page: 263
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25301

School Bullying and Its Relationship to Psychosocial Adjustment Among Students: A Field Study on Secondary School Students in Janzur City
type: item
description: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between school bullying and the level of psychosocial adjustment among secondary school students in Janzur City. The research addressed a set of questions centered on the nature and determinants of this relationship. The researcher focused on identifying the prevalence of bullying behavior among secondary school students and examined whether statistically significant differences exist in bullying behavior based on academic level and field of study. Additionally, the study sought to explore the correlational relationship between school bullying and students’ psychosocial adjustment. To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive correlational methodology, which involves collecting and analyzing data as it exists in reality to interpret the relationships between variables. A sample of 150 secondary school students was selected, distributed across first and third-year levels, and representing both scientific and literary streams to ensure balanced representation of the study variables. Two primary measurement tools were employed: one to assess school bullying behavior and another to evaluate psychosocial adjustment. Both instruments underwent validity and reliability testing to ensure the credibility of the findings. The results revealed a noticeable decline in bullying behavior among secondary school students in Janzur, accompanied by a high level of psychosocial adjustment. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found in bullying behavior based on academic year, indicating that this behavior is not clearly influenced by students’ progression through the educational stages. Conversely, the findings indicated a weak correlational relationship between school bullying and psychosocial adjustment, suggesting a limited impact of bullying on students’ psychological and social well-being within the studied context. سعت هذه الدراسة إلى استقصاء العلاقة بين ظاهرة التنمر المدرسي ومستوى التواف…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: School bullying, psychosocial adjustment, adolescence.
  topic: keywords
creator: Faheema Al-Tayeb Dekna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 236
ending page: 255
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25211

Topographic Influence on Vegetation Cover in the Akramah Region, Eastern Libya: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the impact of topographic features on vegetation cover in the Akramah region of eastern Libya using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies. The research utilized satellite imagery from Landsat 8 and a digital elevation model (DEM) to extract key topographic parameters such as elevation, slope, and aspect, which were then compared with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess correlations. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between topographic variables and vegetation density. Visual interpretation and field surveys indicated that the majority of the study area suffers from sparse or absent vegetation cover, with a clear association between terrain characteristics and plant distribution. Areas with gentle slopes and north-facing aspects exhibited higher NDVI values due to better moisture retention, whereas elevated zones and south-facing slopes were more susceptible to desertification. Field observations corroborated the remote sensing findings, underscoring the reliability of satellite-derived data. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers in combating desertification and promoting sustainable natural resource management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Remote sensing, desertification, vegetation cover, topography, Libya, geographic information systems.
  topic: keywords
creator: Salih Ayad Jebaly
creator: Ahmed Mohsen Rajab
creator: Mohamed Abdelmonem Bouzid Hassan
creator: Marwan Mousa Abkhatera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-21
publication date: 2025-09-21
starting page: 195
ending page: 206
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25208

Well Test Interpretation with TDS Technique: Detection and Absence of Infinite Acting Radial Flow, Case Study
type: item
description: Tiab’s Direct Synthesis (TDS) technique is one of the transit pressure analysis techniques. It provides a direct approach to interpret transit well pressure tests without a type curve. The technique uses pressure derivatives to analyze data and compute reservoir parameters. One of the keys of analysis is identifying whether infinite acting radial flow (IARF) is observed. When IARF is clearly observed, the TDS and conventional methods allow estimation of reservoir parameters. But in real cases, IARF may not be observed or very short due to the short time of test or influence of outer boundary, which makes the conventional methods face limitations and the analysis becomes difficult or sometimes impossible. Thus, the present study applies the TDS technique on the Libyan oil field in both observed and unobserved IARF. Two wells are presented to illustrate the TDS technique. Based on the results, the TDS technique was a very useful and direct technique for analyzing transient pressure tests, especially when infinite acting radial flow is absent, as demonstrated in the analysis of wells.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: TDS technique, Pressure, Derivative, radial flow, wellbore storage..
  topic: keywords
creator: Laila Saleh
creator: Adel Traki
creator: Hayat Alhaj
creator: Marwa Gergab
creator: Malak Al-Osta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-21
publication date: 2025-09-21
starting page: 207
ending page: 216
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25209

The Impact of Administrative Information Systems Quality on Employee Performance: A Case Study of the Jadu Education Supervision Office and Its Affiliated Schools
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the impact of the quality of administrative information systems on the performance of employees at the Jadu Education Supervision Office. The analysis was based on a sample of 202 employees within the sector. Data were collected using Google Drive and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The study found that the questionnaire demonstrated high consistency and coherence among its items, with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 88%. The Cronbach’s alpha for the variable "Quality of Administrative Information Systems" was 84%, and for "Employee Performance" it was 68%. The majority of respondents held university degrees (63.4%), followed by those with intermediate-level qualifications or equivalents (27.7%). The researchers attribute the high response rate from teachers to the fact that they were not categorized under "other job titles" in the questionnaire, representing 45.2% of the sample. Employees affiliated with the Jadu Education Supervision Office accounted for 35.6%. Regarding years of experience, 70.3% of respondents had five or more years of experience, while 29.7% had less than five years. Statistical results indicate a strong relationship between the quality of administrative information systems and employee performance, supported by an R value of 0.74 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.55. Accordingly, the alternative hypothesis was accepted, stating that: There is an impact of the quality of administrative information systems on the performance of employees at the Jadu Education Supervision Office and its affiliated schools.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administrative Information Systems, Employee Performance, Jadu Education Supervision.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hbeil Mohammed Hbeil Amer
creator: Ali Jumaa Khafafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-15
publication date: 2025-09-15
starting page: 186
ending page: 194
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25207

Design and Development of a Smart Home System Using Arduino Uno: An Applied Study on Security, Energy Efficiency, and Automation
type: item
description: The concept of the smart home represents a growing trend in the fields of electrical and computer engineering, aiming to create residential environments that are more comfortable, secure, and energy-efficient through advanced control and automation systems. This paper presents the design and development of a smart home system utilizing the Arduino Uno platform, chosen for its affordability, ease of programming, and scalability. The system integrates various sensors—including a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion sensor, MQ-2 smoke and gas sensor, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), and Infrared (IR) sensor with remote control—to establish a comprehensive framework that enhances safety, energy efficiency, and user comfort. The system was programmed to manage household appliances such as lighting and electrical devices based on timed operations and real-time environmental responses. Experimental testing demonstrated effective sensor responsiveness, with energy consumption reduced by over 20% compared to conventional usage, while maintaining a high level of user safety. The findings suggest that employing Arduino Uno in smart home applications offers a practical and efficient solution, with potential for future integration into Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and smartphone connectivity—opening new horizons for more advanced and widespread smart home implementations. يُعد مفهوم البيت الذكي من الاتجاهات الحديثة والمتنامية في مجالات الهندسة الكهربائية وهندسة الحاسوب، حيث يهدف إلى تطوير بيئة سكنية أكثر راحة وأمانًا وكفاءة في استهلاك الطاقة عبر أنظمة تحكم وأتمتة متقدمة. وفي هذه الورقة، تم تصميم وتطوير نظام بيت ذكي باستخدام منصة Arduino Uno باعتبارها وحدة تحكم دقيقة منخفضة التكلفة وسهلة البرمجة والتوسع. يعتمد النظام على الدمج بين الحساسات المختلفة مثل حساس الحركة (PIR)، وحساس الدخان والغاز (MQ-2)، وحساس الإضاءة (LDR)، وحساس الأشعة تحت الحمراء (IR) مع جهاز تحكم عن بعد، وذلك لتوفير منظومة متكاملة تجمع بين الأمان وكفاءة الطاقة والراحة. تمت برمجة النظام للتحكم في تشغيل الأجهزة المن…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Home, Arduino Uno, Security, Energy Efficiency, Automation, Internet of Things (IoT)
  topic: keywords
creator: Fathallah Ibrahim Suleiman
creator: Ziyad Hamad Abdulkarim
creator: Hamed Fadallah Al-Saleheen
creator: Salim Mohamed Arhouma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-14
publication date: 2025-09-14
starting page: 172
ending page: 185
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25206

The Role of Libyan Universities in Entrepreneurship Education and Cultural Dissemination from Students’ Perspectives: A Field Study at the Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tripoli
type: item
description: Teaching and promoting the culture of entrepreneurship in Libya is considered one of the top priorities in strengthening the pillars of the national economy. This stems from its potential to develop and revitalize a struggling rentier economy that has faced successive events and outdated policies, leading to the emergence and escalation of crises such as the absence of financial and economic policies, a decline in citizens' living standards, rising poverty rates, actual and disguised unemployment, inflation, and other economic challenges affecting Libya. The neglect of vocational education since the 1990s and the exclusive focus on traditional education at the intermediate and higher levels have made it essential to prioritize entrepreneurship education, foster a culture of creativity and innovation, and establish genuine partnerships between the public and private sectors. This places a significant responsibility on institutions involved in entrepreneurship education and training, particularly educational institutions in general and Libyan universities in particular. The study's problem lies in evaluating the role of Libyan universities in teaching, promoting, and activating entrepreneurship programs and activities, as well as identifying the main obstacles to effective entrepreneurship education. Accordingly, the study targeted the role of the Faculty of Economics and Management at the University of Tripoli in teaching and spreading the culture of entrepreneurship. The descriptive-analytical method was used, and raw data were collected through a questionnaire. The study population consisted of the departments of Business Administration, Accounting, Finance, and Banking at the faculty, with a random sample of 74 individuals. يعد تعليم ونشر ثقافة ريادة الاعمال في ليبيا من اهم الأولويات على سلم دعائم الاقتصاد الوطني لما تحمله من تنمية وتطوير اقتصاد ريعي متعثر واجه احداث متتالية وسياسات غابرة أدت الى ظهور وتنامي أزمات مثل غياب السياسات المالية والاقتصادية وانخفاض معدل…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Entrepreneurship – Entrepreneurial Culture – Libyan Universities – Faculty of Economics and Management – University of Tripoli.
  topic: keywords
creator: Essam Atiyah Ahmed Al-Imam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 217
ending page: 235
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25210

Data Interpolation Using Polynomial Methods and Cubic Spline
type: item
description: This study aims to clarify the fundamental concepts of numerical analysis in general, followed by an exploration of interpolation principles. Interpolation is categorized into general and piecewise types. The research discusses several methods for general interpolation and the associated error formulas. It was found that interpolation using Lagrange, Newton’s forward and backward methods, and Hermite involves approximating data with polynomials that pass through all given points. As a result, the resulting polynomials tend to be of high degree, and such polynomials exhibit oscillatory behavior—the higher the degree, the greater the oscillation—which limits their practical use. Therefore, cubic spline interpolation is preferred to ensure continuity and smoothness in piecewise interpolation. The study examines the concept of cubic splines, their construction, types, and supports the discussion with examples and relevant theorems. هدف هذا البحث لتوضيح المفاهيم الأساسية في التحليل العددي بصورة عامة، ثم تطرق لموضوع أساسيات الاستكمال حيث أنه ينقسم إلى استكمال عام واستكمال متقطع وتناول بعض طرق إيجاد الاستكمال العام وصيغة الخطأ في هذه الطرق فوجد أن الاستكمال بطرق لاجرانج ونيوتن الأمامية والخلفية وهيرمت تتم فيهم تقريب البيانات باستخدام كثيرات الحدود التي تمر منحنياتها بكل النقاط المعطاة وبالتالي فكثيرة الحدود الناتجة تكون ذات رتب عليا وطبيعة كثيرات الحدود من الرتب العليا متذبذبة فكلما زادت درجة كثيرة الحدود زاد التذبذب وهذا يحد من استخدامها، فكان من الأفضل استخدام الشريحة التكعيبية لضمان استمرارية اتصال الحدودية المستكملة (الاستكمال المتقطع)، وقد تمت دراستها فوضح مفهومها وكيفية بنائها وأنواعها ودعم ذلك بالأمثلة والنظريات
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Data, Polynomial Methods, Cubic Spline.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nawal Aboudra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
starting page: 147
ending page: 156
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25204

Geoclimatic Analysis of the Performance of 500-Watt Photovoltaic Solar Panels in Qasr Bin Ghashir, Libya
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the performance of 500-watt photovoltaic solar panels in the Qasr Bin Ghashir region of Libya, with a focus on the impact of climatic and physical factors on energy production efficiency. A comprehensive methodology was adopted, incorporating climatic and geographic analysis, field data collection, and computer simulation using the PVsyst software. The results revealed a clear seasonal variation in production rates, with peak performance recorded during spring and autumn. A decline in efficiency was observed at a rate of 0.45% for every degree Celsius above 25°C. The findings also indicated that dust accumulation leads to a direct productivity loss ranging from 15% to 30%. The study concluded that April and May represent the most favorable operational periods due to optimal climatic conditions. Recommendations included several solutions to enhance performance, such as implementing effective cooling systems, adopting regular cleaning schedules, and improving panel installation standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar energy, photovoltaic panels, Qasr Bin Ghashir, climatic analysis, energy efficiency.
  topic: keywords
creator: Osama Mohamed Rasheed
creator: Ali Emhamed Al-Mujahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-03
publication date: 2025-09-03
starting page: 134
ending page: 146
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25203

Raman Light Scattering Study of the Isotopic Construction Effects on the Lattice properties -TO and LO Phonon modes- of CuCl
type: item
description: This work expands on our research on isotope effects on phonons to include compound semiconductors. In this article, we concentrate our study on variation of the lattice properties such as lattice dynamics and electronic structure due to the effects of isotope substitution on the CuCl Raman spectra. We fulfilled that by examined 35Cl, 37Cl, 63Cu and 65Cu. Unlike elemental semiconductors, compounds whose constituents are isotopically substituted have a substantial dependence on the phonon branch and wave vector q for changes in phonon frequencies and atomic displacements. In the case of CuCl, the substitution of heavy or light atoms has distinct effects on the acoustic and visual branches of the phonon dispersion relations. The significant mass difference between copper and chlorine causes the eigenvectors of the acoustic vibrations to be dominated by copper displacements, while the optic vibrations are dominated by chlorine displacements. Consequently, the phonon frequencies in the visual and acoustic branches can be altered nearly independently, especially at the X point, by employing isotope replacement. At low temperatures, this enables us to examine the effectiveness of the anharmonic decay channels of Γ point optical phonons into lower-lying acoustic bands. يتوسع هذا العمل في بحثنا حول تأثيرات النظائر على الفونونات ليشمل أشباه الموصلات المركبة. نركز في هذه المقالة على دراسة التغيرات في خصائص الشبكة البلورية، مثل ديناميكا الشبكة والتركيب الإلكتروني، الناتجة عن تأثيرات استبدال النظائر على أطياف رامان لمركب CuCl. وقد تحقق ذلك من خلال دراسة النظائر ³⁵Cl، ³⁷Cl، ⁶³Cu، و⁶⁵Cu. وعلى خلاف أشباه الموصلات العنصرية، فإن المركبات التي يتم فيها استبدال النظائر لعناصرها تُظهر اعتمادًا كبيرًا على فرع الفونون ومتجه الموجة q فيما يتعلق بتغيرات ترددات الفونونات وإزاحات الذرات. في حالة CuCl، يؤدي استبدال الذرات الثقيلة أو الخفيفة إلى تأثيرات متميزة على الفروع الصوتية والبصرية لعلاقات تشتت الفونونات. ويؤدي الفرق الكبير في الكتلة بين النحاس والكلور إلى هيمنة إزاحات النحاس على المتجها…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nadir Driza
creator: Ola Mohammed
creator: Asma Elgade
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-10
publication date: 2025-09-10
starting page: 157
ending page: 171
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25205

The Impact of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on the Quality of Groundwater Surrounding Fuel Stations
type: item
description: This study aims to assess the quality of groundwater surrounding fuel stations in Sabratha, Libya, by analyzing samples from the eastern and western stations for a set of key chemical and physical indicators. The comprehensive analysis included measurements of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, sulfates (SO₄²⁻), and nitrates (NO₃⁻). The results revealed severe contamination, with TPH levels (9.4 mg/L at the eastern station and 8.0 mg/L at the western station) exceeding the permissible limit (0.01 mg/L) by more than 800 times, confirming significant petroleum pollution due to leakage from underground storage tanks. This hydrocarbon contamination is further supported by dangerously high COD levels (1032 mg/L and 791 mg/L) and elevated TDS readings (3155 mg/L and 1880 mg/L), indicating a substantial organic load and overall degradation of water quality. In contrast, pH levels (6.68–6.85), sulfate concentrations (122–148 mg/L), and nitrate levels (4.0–4.6 mg/L) remained within acceptable limits, effectively ruling out agricultural or natural geological sources and conclusively identifying fuel stations as the primary source of contamination. These findings highlight a clear and urgent environmental and public health threat, necessitating immediate intervention strategies, including source containment, advanced aquifer remediation, and the implementation of alternative safe drinking water solutions for the affected community. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تقييم جودة المياه الجوفية المحيطة بمحطات الوقود في صبراتة بليبيا، من خلال تحليل عينات من محطتي الوقود الشرقية والغربية لمجموعة من المؤشرات الكيميائية والفيزيائية الرئيسية. شمل التحليل الشامل قياس مؤشرات حرجة تشمل إجمالي الهيدروكربونات البترولية (TPH)، والطلب الكيميائي على الأكسجين (COD)، وإجمالي المواد الصلبة الذاتية (TDS)، ودرجة الحموضة (pH)، والكبريتات (SO₄²⁻)، والنترات (NO₃⁻). كشفت النتائج عن تلوث حاد، حيث تجاوزت مستويات الهيدروكربونات البترولية (9.4 مجم/لتر في ال…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Groundwater contamination, fuel stations, underground tanks, petroleum hydrocarbons, public health.
  topic: keywords
creator: Safa Faraj Al-Khudri
creator: Wafa Al-Hadi Al-Dheeb
creator: Adel Ashour Banana
creator: Basma Al-Hadi Al-Dheeb
creator: Nasser Miloud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 125
ending page: 133
doi: 10.69667/ajs.25202