Alqalam Journal of Science (AJS) (eISSN: 3105-4579) is an authoritative source of information for professionals in a wide range of scientific disciplines. AJS is a multidisciplinary journal and therefore short communication, research and review papers of general significance that are written clearly and well organized will be given preference. Editorial office: research.utripoli@gmail.com 00218910737929
Characterizations of Multiplicative Linear Functionals on Banach Algebras
Let be a Banach algebra. It is well known that there exist non-zero algebra homomorphisms from into the complex field , equivalently, there exist non-zero multiplicative linear functionals defined on . Such functionals play a central role in the structural analysis of Banach algebras, as they are closely related to maximal ideals. In this paper, we examine their fundamental properties and explore their connections with maximal ideals and their role in shaping the underlying algebraic structure. Furthermore, we provide several new characterizations that clarify the behavior of these functionals under various algebraic conditions. In addition, we establish and extend a number of related results, offering generalizations and refinements of known theorems in the literature.
Banach Algebras, Multiplicative Linear Functionals, Maximal Ideals
Copyright (c) 2026 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Governance of Islamic Finance Contracts
This study explores the impact of artificial intelligence on the governance of Islamic finance contracts. Islamic banking faces increasing challenges due to the complexity of financial contracts and the rapid pace of digital transformation. The research highlights how AI can automate Sharia compliance auditing, detect prohibited elements such as riba and gharar, and reduce operational risks through instant review and proactive alerts. AI also strengthens governance and transparency by providing digital documentation of contract review stages, while accelerating contract approval cycles to improve efficiency and customer trust. The study addresses a clear gap in the literature by offering a methodological framework that integrates Sharia, legal, and technological perspectives, proposing a balanced governance model that harmonizes technological innovation with compliance requirements.
The Impact of Training on Human Resource Performance: An Applied Study on Jumhouria Bank, Tarhuna Branch
Organizational training has become a strategic necessity for companies seeking to enhance the performance of their human resources in today's highly competitive and rapidly evolving technological landscape. This applied study examines the role of training in the performance of human resources at Jumhouria Bank, Tarhuna branch, within the Libyan banking sector. Using current literature in human resource management that emphasizes training as an essential component for enhanced productivity, quality of service, and organizational sustenance, the study aims to analyze the training means and training program content as predictors of employee performance (4; 5). A descriptive-analytical approach was assumed, and data were collected through questionnaires structured around a five-point Likert scale. The sample was the entire branch of the institution (N=40). A sample census was undertaken, and a total of 40 questionnaires were administered. 36 questionnaires were completed, and their responses were processed through SPSS. The measurement tool spanned across two main independent dimensions - training means and training content - and one dependent dimension, human resource performance. Reliability and validity checks were performed to establish clarity and cohesion of the instrument, and results were subjected to suitable descriptive and inferential statistics. Using simple linear regression, it was determined that there was a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between training and employee performance. Training alone accounted for 38.7% of the variance in performance, and training content accounted for 51.4%. When both dimensions were integrated into a singular training variable, the model accounted for 53.1% of the variance in human resource performance, thus proving the central hypothesis that training has a considerable impact on performance. The bank's training programs appear to have increased employees' problem-solving abilities, communication, and task completion speed and accuracy, while also decreasing mistakes. Training impact was especially evident among younger and mid-career employees (under 40), indicating the bank’s training investments to be most effective within this demographic. The study indicates that further improvements in the technological and pedagogical components of training, especially in digital banking and cybersecurity, paired with training outcome-based incentives, have the potential for greater performance gains.
Training, Performance, Human Resources, Banking Industry, Jumhouria Bank, Libya
Sheikh Muhammad Muftah Quriyu and His Book: (Jewels of Jurisprudence Selected from Aqrab al-Masalik al-Hasan al-‘Ibara) – Chapter on Purification, Explanation and Commentary
This study examines Shaykh Muhammad Muftah Quriyo and his work Jawāhir al-Fiqh al-Mukhtārah min Aqrab al-Masālik al-Ḥasan al-ʿIbārah, focusing on his commentary on the chapter of purification (ṭahārah), which serves as the foundational entry point to the chapters of worship in Mālikī jurisprudence. The research highlights the significance of Mālikī legal heritage in demonstrating the contributions of scholars to the teaching and consolidation of the school, with particular emphasis on the figure of Shaykh Quriyo. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach in presenting the Shaykh’s biography and analyzing the structure of his juristic composition, alongside an inductive method in tracing issues of purification, and a comparative method within the school when clarification of the authoritative opinion or delimitation of disputed matters is required. The commentary provides a juristic and analytical explanation of the verses, linking specific rulings to their foundational principles and overarching objectives. The central problem addressed is the extent to which the author succeeded in combining brevity with precision while maintaining adherence to the established positions of the Mālikī school. The study concludes that Shaykh Quriyo remained faithful to the principles of the Mālikī tradition, skillfully organizing issues from the general to the particular, with clarity of expression and careful selection. His treatment of purification demonstrates a profound juristic balance between preserving textual authority and observing higher objectives, particularly in his discussion of the obligations of ritual washing (ghusl), the rulings of dry ablution (tayammum), the intersection of different forms of purification, and the regulations concerning menstruation. تتناول هذه الدراسة الشيخ محمد مفتاح قريو وكتابه: «جواهر الفقه المختارة من أقرب المسالك الحسن العبارة» من خلال شرح وتعليق على باب الطهارة، بوصفه المدخل الأساس لأبواب العبادات في الفقه المالكي. وتنطلق الدراسة من إبراز أهمية التراث الفقهي المالكي لبيان إسهام العلماء في خدمة المذهب تعليمًا وتأصيلاً، مع التركيز على شخصية الشيخ قريو. ويعتمد البحث منهجًا وصفيًا تحليليًا في عرض سيرة الشيخ، وتحليل بنية نظمه الفقهي، مع منهج استقرائي في تتبع مسائل الطهارة، ومنهج مقارن داخل المذهب عند الحاجة إلى بيان المعتمد أو تحرير محل الخلاف. كما يقوم على شرح الأبيات شرحًا فقهيًا تحليليًا يربط الجزئيات بقواعدها الأصولية ومقاصدها الكلية. وتكمن إشكالية الدراسة في تقويم مدى نجاح الناظم في الجمع بين الاختصار والضبط، والمحافظة على المعتمد المذهبي. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن الشيخ قريو التزم بأصول المذهب المالكي، وأحسن ترتيب المسائل من الكلي إلى الجزئي، مع وضوح العبارة ودقة الانتقاء. كما أبرزت معالجته لمسائل الطهارة عمقًا فقهيًا يوازن بين حفظ النصوص ومراعاة المقاصد، خاصة في بيان فرائض الغسل، وأحكام التيمم، وتداخل الطهارتين، وضوابط الحيض
Muhammad Muftah Quriyu, Jewels of Jurisprudence Selected, Aqrab al-Masalik, clarity of expression, purification.
Assessment of Anisakis Larvae Contamination in Atlantic Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L. 1758) from the Western Libyan Coast
Anisakis is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals that utilizes a wide range of fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. These larvae are commonly found in commercially important fish, posing public health risks and reducing marketability. Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) is a known host for Anisakis third-stage (L3) larvae. This study aimed to investigate the presence, prevalence, and intensity of Anisakis larvae infecting T. trachurus from the western Libyan coast. A total of 108 random samples of T. trachurus were collected from the fishing port of Tripoli city. Morphological measurements (total length and weight) were recorded. Fish were dissected, and larvae were collected, counted, and morphologically identified at the genus level using light microscopy. The overall prevalence of Anisakis spp. was 99.07%. Larvae were predominantly found in the muscle tissue, with a lower percentage observed in the body cavity. The intensity of infection was higher in longer fish (19–22 cm), which harbored 35–50 larvae, compared to 10–15 larvae in smaller fish (17–18.5 cm). All larvae were identified as third-stage (L3) larvae of the genus Anisakis. The extremely high infection rate renders T. trachurus less desirable for human consumption and diminishes its economic value in the Libyan market. These findings highlight a significant public health concern and emphasize the need for preventive measures and molecular identification of the species involved.
Trachurus trachurus, Anisakis spp., Western Libyan coast, Prevalence, Zoonosis
Political Participation of Libyan Women in Public Affairs: A Comparative Study
The study aimed to analyze the reality of Libyan women’s political participation in public affairs and to assess the effectiveness of the legal framework in empowering them, with comparisons to international standards and the experiences of some Arab countries. The research adopted descriptive, analytical, inductive, and comparative methods to examine relevant legal texts and to follow the actual participation of women. The findings revealed that women’s participation reflects their awareness of their rights and their ability to influence decision-making, but it remains limited due to social, cultural, educational, and economic barriers. Despite gradual legislative developments since independence and especially after the 2011 revolution—including electoral quotas and the promotion of female representation in councils and government bodies—challenges persist. The study emphasized the importance of clear legislation, support for women’s initiatives, and the application of quota policies to ensure fair and effective participation of women in political life. هدفت الدراسة إلى تحليل واقع المشاركة السياسية للمرأة الليبية في الشأن العام، ومعرفة مدى فاعلية الإطار القانوني في تمكينها، مع المقارنة بالمعايير الدولية وتجارب بعض الدول العربية. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، والاستقرائي، والمقارن في دراسة النصوص القانونية ذات الصلة ومتابعة واقع المشاركة الفعلية للمرأة. أظهرت النتائج أن مشاركة المرأة تعكس وعيها بحقوقها وقدرتها على التأثير في صنع القرار، لكنها ما زالت محدودة بسبب المعوقات الاجتماعية والثقافية والتعليمية والاقتصادية، رغم التطور التدريجي في التشريعات منذ الاستقلال وصولًا لما بعد ثورة 2011، بما في ذلك الكوتا الانتخابية وتعزيز التمثيل النسائي في المجالس والهيئات الحكومية. وأكدت الدراسة أهمية وجود تشريعات واضحة ودعم المبادرات النسوية، بالإضافة إلى تطبيق سياسات الحصص لضمان مشاركة عادلة وفاعلة للمرأة في الحياة السياسية
Political participation, public affairs, Libyan women.
The Synergistic Impact of Integrated Agile and deveops on Software Delivery Performance: An Evidence-Based Synthesis of Velocity, Quality, and Organizational Scaling
The domain of software project management is confronting escalating challenges in adapting to rapidly evolving market demands while ensuring the delivery of high-quality products. In this context, Agile and DevOps methodologies have emerged as pivotal frameworks for accelerating software development and enhancing product quality through fostered collaboration and the seamless integration of development and operations processes. This study provides a rigorous, evidence-based synthesis of the demonstrable impact of integrated Agile and DevOps practices on quantifiable software delivery performance metrics. Adopting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) protocol, this paper rigorously aggregates and synthesizes empirical studies to validate the causal links between methodology adoption and high-performance outcomes across the four dimensions of the DORA (DevOps Research and Assessment) framework. The findings confirm that the synergy between Agile and DevOps leads to the simultaneous optimization of development velocity (high Deployment Frequency and reduced Lead Time for Changes) and system stability (low Change Failure Rate and reduced Mean Time to Recovery).Furthermore, the analysis reveals that successful, large-scale adoption is critically dependent on addressing cultural constraints, fostering psychological safety, integrating security via DevSecOps, and strategically choosing scaling frameworks such as SAFe or LeSS. The core conclusion is that technical rigor alone is insufficient; sustained elite performance requires a holistic transformation that balances technological advancement with profound organizational and cultural change.
Agile; DevOps; DORA Metrics; Systematic Literature Review; Software Delivery Performance; DevSecOps
Life and Death Battle: A mythological Archetypal study of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea
This research explores the theme of Life and Death Battle in Ernest Miller Hemingway’s novella The Old Man and the Sea, which was published by Life Magazine in 1952 in Cuba. The study attempts to interpret archetypal symbolism through the analytical mythological approach, utilizing the lens of Carl Jung’s psychoanalytic theories, especially his notion of archetypes. This literary work is a thought-provoking text rather than a simple story. The thematic concept is clear in the fisherman’s character, who confronts a life-and-death battle, willing to achieve his goal during his journey. This paper seeks to study the archetypal symbols by connecting them to more universal patterns that go beyond literature itself in general and the desires and anxieties of humankind in particular
Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Archetypal Symbolism, Mythological Approach
Exploring Opportunities for Petrochemical Industry Development in Libya
The petrochemical business is one of the vital but underdeveloped segments of the energy economy of Libya. Although the country has massive hydrocarbon reserves, the downstream is not diversified, and its industries are still characterized by the exportation of crude oil. The study seeks to determine the potential of implementing petrochemical industries in Libya through economic, environmental, and institutional factors affecting the growth of the sector. A mixed-method design was used, which included quantitative statistics on national energy reports and surveys of 120 industry professionals, as well as the qualitative interviews of key stakeholders in the oil and gas industry. The obtained figures were implemented and evaluated through the application of descriptive and inferential statistics to assess the current challenges and opportunities, and it was found that 68% of the participants perceive the petrochemical industry as one of the primary areas of economic diversification, and 74% support the idea that better governance and foreign investment policies should be implemented. Workforce readiness and environmental sustainability were found as imperative enablers to long-term development. Furthermore, modernization of technologies and the introduction of renewable energy sources were considered as the key to increasing industry competitiveness. The work paper concludes that Libya has a lot of potential in the development of petrochemicals, but a concerted policy reform, infrastructure investment, and human capital development would ensure sustainable growth. On the whole, the study can be of relevance to policymakers and investors who want to further encourage an inclusive and sustainable industrial transition in the Libyan energy industry.
Libya, Petrochemical Industry, Economic Diversification, Sustainability, Energy Development
The Influence of Arabic Grammar on Modern Linguistic Studies
This research examines the influence of Arabic grammar on the formation of modern linguistic studies by tracing the theoretical and methodological foundations of Arabic grammar and comparing them with the conclusions reached by contemporary linguistics in its approaches and theories. The research is based on the hypothesis that Arabic grammar was not merely a rigid system of rules, but rather a comprehensive linguistic project based on description, analysis, and induction, which makes it ahead of its time in many of its concepts compared to modern linguistic studies. The research reviews the origins and development of Arabic grammar, highlighting its basic concepts such as the factor, inflection, and syntactic structure, and their role in understanding the linguistic system. It then discusses the influences and similarities between Arabic grammar and some modern linguistic trends, such as structuralism, generative grammar, and transformational grammar, especially in issues of deep and surface structure, competence and performance, and the relationship between structure and meaning. The research also addresses the positions of modern linguists on Arabic grammar, between criticism and calls for a contemporary scientific reinterpretation, and emphasizes the importance of drawing on the grammatical heritage in the development of modern linguistic studies, particularly in the fields of discourse analysis, language teaching, and applied linguistics. The research concludes that Arabic grammar remains a knowledge base that can contribute effectively to the construction of a contemporary Arabic linguistic theory based on the integration of authenticity and heritage on the one hand, and modern linguistic research methods on the other.
Grammar – Modern Linguistics – Syntactic Structure – Linguistic Analysis – Linguistic Heritage – Grammatical Renewal.
Study of the Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Rates of Chemical Reactions in Closed Systems
This study aims to provide a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of the effect of temperature and pressure on the rates of chemical reactions in closed systems. The research problem lies in the complex interaction between these two variables within a constant‑volume environment, which leads to deviations from expected kinetic behavior and an increase in operational risks. The study adopted a descriptive‑analytical approach, developing a modified kinetic model that integrates the principles of Transition State Theory and the concept of activation volume (ΔV‡) to analyze kinetic data obtained from monitored reactions. The results confirmed the existence of a conditional correlation between pressure and temperature, showing that the increase in pressure resulting from elevated temperature contributes to accelerating the reaction due to the presence of a negative activation volume. The study identified the optimal operational range that balances maximum reaction rate with thermodynamic constraints, thereby preventing reactors from drifting toward undesirable equilibrium states. It recommends incorporating this advanced model into engineering simulation programs to enhance the efficiency and safety of chemical reactor operations in industry.
Chemical Kinetics, Closed Systems, Temperature, Pressure, Reaction Rate, Volume of Activation, Optimal Range, Transition State Theory
Geospatial Artificial Intelligence in Disaster Management: Prediction, Response, Preparedness, and Challenges
Natural disasters cause deep cracks that strike the social and economic fabric, making the development of risk management strategies imperative and urgent. With the increasing reliance on artificial intelligence as a pillar of decision-making, the dilemma of “technical ambiguity” or “technical obscurity” has emerged. With the increasing reliance on artificial intelligence as a basis for decision-making, the dilemma of “technical ambiguity,” or what is known as the black box, has emerged, prompting the adoption of “explainable artificial intelligence” (XAI) to bring reliability and transparency to analytical processes. This study highlights the great potential of geospatial artificial intelligence (Geo-AI) and how its integration with geographic information systems (GIS) contributes to a qualitative shift in crisis response. The paper also explores the best ways to develop these tools and analyzes the barriers that prevent their full investment within the relevant institutions. In light of the worsening climate crisis, which has cost the world exceeding $3 trillion over the past decade, reliance on smart systems linked tospatial data has become indispensable for predicting risks before they occur. The study concludes with a vision for a future methodology aimed at improving the efficiency of early warning systems and protecting lives and property. تتسبب الكوارث الطبيعية في تصدعات عميقة تضرب النسيج المجتمعي والاقتصادي، مما يجعل تطوير استراتيجيات إدارة المخاطر أمراً حتمياً لا يحتمل التأجيل. ومع تزايد الاعتماد على الذكاء الاصطناعي كركيزة لاتخاذ القرار، برزت معضلة "الغموض التقني" أو ما يُعرف بالصندوق الأسود، وهو ما دفع نحو تبني "الذكاء الاصطناعي القابل للتفسير" (XAI) لإضفاء الموثوقية والشفافية على العمليات التحليلية. تُسلط هذه الدراسة الضوء على الإمكانات الكبيرة للذكاء الاصطناعي الجغرافي المكاني (Geo-AI)، وكيف يساهم اندماجه مع نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) في إحداث نقلة نوعية في مواجهة الأزمات. كما تستقصي الورقة السبل المثلى لتطوير هذه الأدوات، وتحلل العوائق التي تحول دون استثمارها بشكل كامل داخل المؤسسات المعنية. وفي ظل أزمة المناخ المتفاقمةالتي كبدت العالم خسائر تجاوزت 3 تريليونات دولار خلال العقد المنصرم—أصبح الاعتماد على الأنظمة الذكية المرتبطة بالبيانات المكانية خياراً لا غنى عنه للتنبؤ بالمخاطر قبل وقوعها. وتختتم الدراسة بوضع تصور لمنهجية مستقبلية تهدف إلى رفع كفاءة الإنذار المبكر وحماية الأرواح والممتلكات.
Geo-AI, disaster management, prediction, response
Using Artificial Intelligence to Improve Energy Efficiency in Libyan Data Centers: An XGBoost-Based Approach
The expanded proliferation of virtual services in Libya has brought about a marked escalation in statistics middle electricity consumption, compounded with the aid of pervasive power outages and inadequate cooling infrastructure. The proposed method makes use of an XGBoost-based totally method to decorate energy performance, leveraging 18 months of operational records from 3 statistics facilities in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Misrata. The version attained ninety-four.7% forecasting accuracy for short-term electricity call for (MAE = 3.2 kW, RMSE = four.8 kW), thereby facilitating proactive cooling manage and workload control. The proposed machine verified a 32.6% improvement in the common PUE, reducing it from 2.18 to at least one.47, and it achieved approximately 28% power price financial savings. Cross-validation and impartial trying out confirmed the machine's sturdy overall performance beneath various conditions, providing a practical framework for sustainable statistics middle operations in environments with restrained sources.
XGBoost Algorithm, Energy Efficiency, Data Centers, Machine Learning, Libya, Power Usage Effectiveness
Analysis of the Interaction Between Microbial Contamination and Elevated Metal Concentrations in Canned Tuna
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between microbial contamination and elevated concentrations of heavy metals in canned tuna, and to assess their impact on food safety and consumer health. The research adopted a descriptive analytical approach, whereby samples of canned tuna available in local markets were collected and analyzed chemically to determine concentrations of lead, copper, and zinc, and microbiologically to detect the presence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium species. The results were compared with international health standards to ensure accurate risk assessment. Findings revealed that all samples had lead levels below the detection limit, while copper concentrations ranged from below detection to 3.83 ppm, and zinc concentrations ranged between 0.01 and 21 ppm, without exceeding internationally permitted limits. Microbiological analysis showed the absence of all studied microorganisms in the samples, reflecting the efficiency of canning and packaging processes used in the industry. The study further indicated that variations in certain metal concentrations may be linked to fishing areas, canning methods, and preservatives employed. The study concluded that canned tuna is relatively safe when health standards are observed, though periodic monitoring of metal concentrations and microbial contamination remains essential to ensure consumer safety. It recommended strengthening routine inspections, standardizing quality and production procedures, and developing consumer awareness programs regarding the potential risks of heavy metals and the importance of consuming tuna within safe limits. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم العلاقة بين التلوث الميكروبي وارتفاع تركيز المعادن الثقيلة في التونة المعلبة، ومعرفة أثر ذلك على سلامة الغذاء وصحة المستهلك، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي حيث تم جمع عينات من التونة المعلبة المتوفرة في الأسواق وتحليلها كيميائيًا لتحديد تراكيز الرصاص والنحاس والزنك، وتحليلها ميكروبيًا للكشف عن وجود بكتيريا السالمونيلا والإشريكية القولونية والمطثية، كما تم مقارنة النتائج بالمعايير الصحية الدولية لضمان تقييم دقيق للمخاطر. أظهرت النتائج أن جميع العينات كانت مستويات الرصاص فيها أقل من حد الكشف، بينما تراوحت تراكيز النحاس بين أقل من حد الكشف و3.83 جزء في المليون، والزنك بين 0.01 و21 جزء في المليون، دون تجاوز الحدود المسموح بها دوليًا، أما التحليل الميكروبي فقد أظهر غياب جميع الكائنات الدقيقة المدروسة في العينات، مما يعكس كفاءة عمليات التعليب والتعبئة المستخدمة في الصناعة، كما أشارت الدراسة إلى أن التباين في تركيز بعض المعادن قد يكون مرتبطًا بمناطق الصيد، وطرق التعليب، والمواد الحافظة المستخدمة. خلصت الدراسة إلى أن التونة المعلبة تعتبر منتجًا غذائيًا آمنًا نسبيًا عند الالتزام بالمعايير الصحية مع ضرورة متابعة التغيرات الدورية في تراكيز المعادن والتلوث الميكروبي لضمان سلامة المستهلك، وأوصت الدراسة بزيادة الرقابة الدورية، وتوحيد إجراءات الجودة والإنتاج، وتطوير برامج توعية للمستهلكين حول المخاطر المحتملة للمعادن الثقيلة وأهمية استهلاك التونة ضمن الحدود الآمنة
Microbial Contamination, Metal Concentration, Canned Tuna
Viscoelastic Modeling and Mechanical Performance of Polypropylene: Acrylic Fiber Composites for Chemical Engineering Applications
This study presents a theoretical investigation of the mechanical and chemical engineering performance of a polypropylene (PP) composite reinforced with 5 wt.% acrylic fiber (AF) as a cost-effective alternative to carbon fiber composites. The viscoelastic creep behavior of the composite was modeled using a four-element Burgers model to predict long-term mechanical stability. Theoretical tensile strength estimation using the Rule of Mixtures yielded a value of 18.9 MPa, representing a 57.5% improvement over neat PP. In addition, the composite was evaluated as a packing material for chemical separation processes. The enhanced mechanical integrity of the PP/AF composite resulted in improved packing performance, leading to a theoretical reduction in packed column height of up to 35.7% at a 30% increase in material constants. These results suggest that PP/AF composites offer a viable, low-cost solution for moderate-load structural applications and industrial mass transfer operations.
Polypropylene Composites, Acrylic Fiber, Viscoelastic Modeling, Burgers Model
Symmetry and Lie Groups and Their Applications in Theoretical Physics
The importance of symmetry groups in physics lies in their role as a mathematical concept used to describe transformations that leave a physical system unchanged. These transformations include rotation, translation, reflection, and transformations in space and time. Symmetry groups are considered a fundamental tool for understanding physical laws and for mathematical simplification. They encompass several types, such as the rotation group, which describes rotational symmetries in three-dimensional space, and Lie groups, which describe continuous transformations and represent symmetries dependent on continuous parameters. Lie groups are widely used in the study of quantum and relativistic systems and are essential for understanding the properties of different physical systems and uncovering the fundamental laws of nature. Identifying symmetries in physics leads to the conservation of specific quantities; for example, translational symmetry results in the conservation of linear momentum, rotational symmetry results in the conservation of angular momentum, and temporal symmetry results in the conservation of energy. In special relativity, Lorentz groups are employed to describe symmetries related to space and time. Symmetry groups are also used in classifying elementary particles and different physical states; for instance, in particle physics, the SU(3) symmetry group is applied to classify baryons and mesons. Moreover, symmetry groups interact with physical properties and aid in predicting energy levels in quantum systems, making them a powerful tool in the study of physical systems.
Symmetry in physics, Lie groups, Lie algebra, continuous symmetry, group theory, conservation laws, Noether’s theorem.
Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Step Size Control for Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
Adaptive step-size control plays a key role in the accurate and efficient numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This work introduces a machine learning–enhanced Runge–Kutta method (ML-RK45) that employs a learned predictive policy for step-size selection, moving beyond conventional error-based adaptive strategies. The proposed approach is evaluated against fixed-step fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) and the classical adaptive Runge–Kutta 4(5) method (RK45) using four benchmark problems: exponential decay, harmonic oscillation, nonlinear autonomous systems, and stiff linear equations. Results show that ML-RK45 significantly reduces the number of solver steps and function evaluations while maintaining solution accuracy within prescribed tolerances, albeit with increased computational overhead in CPU time due to neural-network inference. In stiff and oscillatory problems, step-count reductions lead to improved algorithmic efficiency and enhanced numerical stability. Iteration counts decrease by up to 65% for exponential decay and 89% for stiff systems, while oscillatory problems exhibit substantially reduced phase and amplitude errors. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of predictive machine learning strategies to enhance adaptive ODE solvers, particularly in applications where stability and step efficiency are critical.
Adaptive Step Size, Runge–kutta, Machine Learning, Differential Equation.
Tillaux Fracture of The Distal Tibia (Salter-Harris Type III) In an Adolescent: A Case Report
A Salter-Harris Type III fracture represents a rare intra-articular growth plate injury in pediatric patients, characterized by a fracture line that traverses the physis and extends into the epiphysis, reaching the articular surface. A Tillaux fracture is a specific variant of this injury, occurring due to incomplete closure of the distal tibial growth plate and involving the anterolateral tibial epiphysis. This fracture pattern is unique to adolescents, as the relative strength of the anterior tibiofibular ligament compared to the partially fused physis predisposes the tibial fragment to avulsion. In the present case, a 13-year-old female presented to the emergency department following a twisting mechanism of injury to the left ankle. Initial plain radiographs (X-rays) demonstrated findings consistent with an acute, undisplaced Salter-Harris Type III fracture. Subsequent CT imaging of the left lower leg confirmed a Tillaux fracture of the distal tibia with approximately 2 mm displacement, which had been subtly overlooked on the initial radiographs. Management included closed reduction followed by percutaneous screw fixation, resulting in satisfactory stabilization of the fracture. This case highlights the importance of advanced imaging modalities, particularly CT scans, in differentiating Tillaux fractures from other ankle pathologies that may not require operative intervention. It also underscores the need for accurate diagnosis and timely surgical management to optimize outcomes in adolescent patients with transitional growth plate injuries.
Salter-Harris Type III Fracture, Tillaux Fracture, Intra-Articular Growth Plate Injury, Distal Tibial Epiphysis
The Impact of Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems on the Quality of Financial Reports in Libyan Companies: A Field Study on a Sample of Companies Operating in Tripoli
This study aims to identify the impact of implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems on the quality of financial reports in Libyan companies operating in Tripoli. This is considered, considering the administrative and technical challenges facing the implementation of these systems and their impact on the quality of accounting information and decision-making support. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting field data using a questionnaire as the primary instrument. The questionnaire was administered to a stratified random sample of accountants, finance managers, information systems managers, and internal auditors in several industrial, commercial, and service companies. The study focused on measuring the level of ERP system implementation and analyzing its impact on the quality of financial reports in terms of accuracy, reliability, timeliness, information integration, and data integrity. It also aimed to identify the most significant obstacles facing Libyan companies when implementing these systems. The data was analyzed using a range of descriptive and inferential statistical methods based on SPSS software. The study concluded by offering a set of scientific and practical recommendations that contribute to improving the implementation of ERP systems, thereby supporting the quality of financial reports and enhancing the efficiency of decision-making within Libyan companies. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر تطبيق نظام تخطيط موارد المؤسسة على جودة التقارير المالية في الشركات الليبية العاملة في مدينة طرابلس وهذا في ظل التحديات الإدارية والتقنية التي تواجه تطبيق هذه الأنظمة وانعكاسها على جودة المعلومات المحاسبية ودعم اتخاذ القرار واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال جمع البيانات الميدانية باستخدام الاستبيان كأداة رئيسية وجه إلى عينة عشوائية طبقية من المحاسبين ومديري الشؤون المالية ومديري نظم المعلومات والمراجعين الداخليين في عدد من الشركات الصناعية والتجارية والخدمية، وركزت الدراسة على قياس مستوى تطبيق نظام موارد المؤسسة وتحليل أثره على جودة التقارير المالية من حيث الدقة والموثوقية والتوقيت المناسب وتكامل المعلومات وسلامة البيانات والتعرف على أبرز المعوقات التي تواجه الشركات الليبية عند تطبيق هذه الأنظمة، وتم تحليل البيانات باستخدام مجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية الوصفية والاستدلالية بالاعتماد على برنامج الاحصائي وخلصت الدراسة إلى تقديم مجموعة من التوصيات العلمية والعملية التي تسهم في تحسين تطبيق نظم تخطيط موارد المؤسسة بما يدعم جودة التقارير المالية ويعزز كفاءة اتخاذ القرار داخل الشركات الليبية
Enterprise Resource Planning, Quality of Financial Reporting, Accounting Information Systems, Financial Reports.
Study The Effect of Some Energy Drinks on The Liver and Pancreas Functions in Male Albino Mice
The current study aimed to determine the extent of the effects of energy drinks on the liver and pancreatic functions. The study was conducted on (35) male albino mice, whose weighting between (26-28 gm). The mice were divided into five groups (7/ group): the 1st group, received a diet and pure water, the 2nd group: which received an oral dose of 7.5mg\kg RB, the 3rd group received an oral dose of 15mg\kg RB, and the 4th group received an oral dose of 7.5 mg\kg PH and the 5th group were orally dosed with 15mg\kg PH, and after end of the experiment period, the mice were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical tests, liver and pancreas were extracted for histological study. The results obtained from the biochemical analysis showed that no significant differences were recorded in liver enzymes and liver tissue. While there was a significant increase p<0.05 in glucose level in the 2nd group treated with 7mg/kg RB, and in cholesterol and HDL levels in the 4th and 5th groups that treated with 7.5mg/kg & 15mg/kg PH, as will as there was a significant increase p<0.05 in the insulin hormone concentration in the 3rd group that treated with 15mg/kg RB. The results of the tissue samples showed that no changes were recorded in the liver tissues and cells, while there were cells necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis of pancreatic tissue, bacterial infection, and bacterial pancreatitis. These results indicate that energy drinks cause tissue damage.
Compliance of Software Developers and Engineers with the Formal Implementation of Software Testing at the General Electricity Company of Libya
Software testing is one of the essential parts of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It is a means to discover errors during the execution of the program, which ensures obtaining a defect-free software system. This testing evaluates the capabilities of the program and its usability. This study aims to analyze the extent of commitment of software developers and engineers to the formal implementation of software testing and to identify the factors affecting this commitment at the Libyan Electricity Company. The study relies on the descriptive analytical survey methodology by distributing an electronic questionnaire to a sample consisting of 30 participants representing different categories (developers, engineers, programmers, managers, and technicians) from different Libyan cities working in the General Electricity Company. The results showed that the commitment to software testing within the Libyan Electricity Company still lacks formality and that the level of commitment remains limited. The most prominent challenges are weak documentation, the absence of a testing environment, and the increase in problems after delivery. The most important influencing factors are the lack of specialized staff, the absence of a clear testing policy, and a low level of awareness of the importance of testing. Based on the results of the study, several recommendations were proposed to enhance the commitment to the implementation of software testing and to apply it in the present and future. It is recommended to provide training programs to raise awareness and skills, and provide specialized staff.
Software Testing, General Electricity Company, Unit Testing, Integration Testing
Spatial Distribution Analysis of Services at the National Center for Infertility Diagnosis and Treatment in Al‑Jabal Al‑Akhdar: A Study in Service Geography
This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of access and spatial equity in the services provided by the National Center for Infertility Diagnosis and Treatment, and to propose planning alternatives that reduce the burden of access for peripheral areas within the Al‑Jabal Al‑Akhdar region, using Al‑Bayda as the sole reference service point. A database of case locations was constructed using Google Earth Pro and field visits to the center, followed by the application of GIS tools. The spatial burden index (distance in km × number of cases) was employed, along with Kernel Density analysis to identify deficit hotspots and Buffer analysis to delineate service zones. The results revealed that the service influence extended from less than 1 km to more than 500 km, reaching as far as Al‑Jaghbub, indicating a clear regional pattern of service centralization. The near‑range service zones (0–30 km and 30–60 km) encompassed 20 out of 36 areas, accounting for 455 cases (59.71%). In contrast, Tobruk exhibited a significant peripheral burden within the 200–300 km zone, representing 11.29% of cases with an average distance of 259 km. The study presents a practical future vision based on establishing supporting centers in Derna, Tobruk, Al‑Marj, and Al‑Jaghbub, while maintaining Al‑Bayda as the reference center. This scenario would increase coverage to 72.52% across an area of 75,503.01 km² and reduce access gaps in peripheral regions.
Service geography; spatial coverage; spatial equity; spatial burden index; geographic information systems (GIS)
Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Strains on Root Uptake of Macronutrients (N, P, K) in the Soils of Sirte City
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation with seven different strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in combination with varying levels of phosphate fertilization, on the uptake of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the root system of maize (Zea mays) under the environmental conditions of Sirte City. The experiment was conducted using a split‑plot design with three replicates, where fungal strains were assigned to the main plots and phosphate fertilizer levels (0, 50, and 100 kg P₂O₅/ha) to the subplots. The results demonstrated that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the uptake of macronutrients compared with the control treatment. Among the tested strains, Rhizophagus intraradices recorded the highest uptake rates across all phosphate fertilization levels. Furthermore, the interaction between mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphate fertilization exhibited a clear synergistic effect in improving nutrient absorption efficiency, underscoring the importance of this biotechnological approach in enhancing crop productivity under the environmental conditions of Sirte. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير التلقيح بسبع سلالات مختلفة من فطريات المايكوريزا الشجيرية بالتداخل مع مستويات مختلفة من التسميد الفوسفاتي على امتصاص العناصر الكبرى (النيتروجين والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم) في المجموع الجذري لنبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays في ظروف مدينة سرت. أجريت التجربة باستخدام تصميم القطاعات المنشقة مرة واحدة في ثلاث مكررات، حيث وزعت السلالات الفطرية في القطع الرئيسية ومستويات السماد الفوسفاتي (0، 50، 100 كجم P₂O₅/هـ) في القطع الثانوية. أظهرت النتائج أن التلقيح بفطريات المايكوريزا أدى إلى تحسين معنوي في امتصاص العناصر الغذائية الكبرى مقارنة بمعاملة الشاهد، حيث سجلت سلالة Rhizophagus intraradices أعلى معدلات للامتصاص عبر جميع مستويات التسميد الفوسفاتي. كما أظهر التداخل بين التلقيح بالمايكوريزا والتسميد الفوسفاتي تأثيراً تآزرياً واضحاً في زيادة كفاءة امتصاص العناصر الغذائية، مما يعكس أهمية هذه التقنية الحيوية في تحسين إنتاجية المحاصيل في الظروف البيئية لمنطقة سرت.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, maize, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, phosphate fertilization, Sirte City
Occupational Health and Safety Requirements in Oil Facilities: A Field Study of the Zawiya Oil Depot Affiliated with Brega Petroleum Marketing Company
This study aims to examine the extent of compliance with occupational health and safety requirements in oil facilities through a field investigation conducted at the Zawiya Oil Depot, operated by the Brega Petroleum Marketing Company. A specially designed questionnaire was employed for this purpose, comprising sixty-nine items distributed across three main dimensions that addressed various aspects of occupational health and safety. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of twenty-five employees, including administrators, engineers, and technicians, in order to collect the necessary data for testing the study’s hypotheses and assessing workers’ awareness and adherence to safety standards. For data analysis, both descriptive and analytical methods were applied using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Cronbach’s Alpha was utilized to measure validity and reliability, alongside additional statistical tests to verify normal distribution and the significance of differences between variables. The analysis revealed that participants’ views were generally consistent regarding the level of implementation of occupational health and safety requirements. Moreover, no statistically significant differences were observed among managers, supervisors, engineers, and technicians in terms of compliance with workplace safety procedures. Overall, the findings indicate a general weakness in safety culture and a lack of awareness of its importance, coupled with evident challenges in communication and coordination across administrative levels. In addition, deficiencies were noted in the implementation of training and awareness programs. These results underscore the urgent need to develop effective mechanisms for reporting and analyzing risks and incidents, thereby contributing to the promotion of a safe and sustainable working environment within oil facilities.
Occupational Health and Safety, Oil Facilities, Risk Management, Employee Training, Preventive Systems, Occupational Accidents, Organizational Culture, Modern Technology
Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
With the rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), nearly every device we interact with is now connected to the internet or has the capability to do so. This has led to an enormous increase in the volume of data stored and transmitted across global networks, creating the need for innovative technologies to manage such massive datasets. Fog computing and edge computing are among the emerging approaches widely adopted in handling big data, including economic, medical, and social application data. This paper examines fog computing and edge computing by exploring their similarities, differences, and the potential benefits of integrating the two. The study demonstrates that while each technology has its own advantages and limitations, they can complement one another by enhancing processing speed, improving bandwidth utilization, enabling localized data handling, and strengthening security. نظرا للتطور الهائل لما يعرف بإنترنت الاشياء حيث أصبح تقريبا كل جهاز نتعامل معه متصل بالأنترنت او له القدرة على الاتصال بالأنترنت مما ادي إلي زيادة هائلة في كمية البيانات المخزنة والمنقولة في الشبكات العالمية، جاءت الحاجة لاختراع تقنيات للتعامل مع هذه الكميات الهائلة من البيانات. الحوسبة الضبابية والحوسبة الطرفية هما من هذه التقنيات المتداولة بين أوساط المتعاملين مع البيانات العملاقة مثل البيانات الاقتصادية والبيانات الطبية وحتى بيانات التطبيقات الاجتماعية وغيرها من التطبيقات. تدرس هذه الورقة الحوسبة الضبابية والحوسبة الطرفية من حيث، أوجه الشبه والاختلاف بينهما و الفائدة من وراء دمجهما وأظهرت الدراسة أن لكل تقنية مزاياها وعيوبها ولكن يمكن لكل منهما تقوية الأخرى من خلال زيادة سرع المعالجة وتحسن عرض النطاق الترددي والمعالجة المحلية ودرجة الأمان.
Fog computing; Edge computing; Internet of Things; Cloud computing
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Application on Decision-Making Quality: A Field Study of Faculty Members at Derna University
This study aims to explore the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving decision-making processes from the perspective of faculty members in the Faculties of Economics and Law at Derna University. To achieve its objectives, the study adopted a descriptive–analytical methodology and drew upon relevant previous research. The study population consisted of faculty members in the two faculties, with a purposive sample of 30 participants representing different departments. Data analysis was conducted using computer-based statistical tools provided by the SPSS software package. The findings revealed that AI plays an effective role in enhancing organizational efficiency, improving the quality of decision-making within the faculties, and raising the level of administrative performance. Based on these results, the study recommends integrating AI concepts into academic curricula across all disciplines, thereby fostering a unified institutional culture around artificial intelligence. تهدف الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحسين عملية اتخاذ القرار من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس بكليتي الاقتصاد والقانون بجامعة درنة , ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة , أتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي , وأستندت إلى بعض الدراسات السابقة . وقد تمثل مجتمع الدراسة في أعضاء هيئة التدريس بالكليتين, حيث بلغ قوام عينة الدراسة) 30) عضو هيئة تدريس من الاقسام المختلفة بالكليتين , ولتحليل بيانات الدراسة تم الاستعانه بالحاسب الالي واستخدام برنامج إحصائية من خدمة البرمجيات الواردة في (SPSS) ، حيث تم التوصل إلى العديد من النتائج من ضمنها : أن الذكاء الاصطناعي له دور فعال في تعزيز كفاءة المنظمات و تحسين جودة عملية اتخاذ القرار داخل الكليتين ورفع من مستوى الاداء الإداري، وبناءاً على ما تم التوصل له من نتائج فان الباحث يوصي بالآتي : بإدراج مفاهيم الذكاء الاصطناعي ضمن المناهج الأكاديمية في جميع التخصصات، بما يعزز من بناء ثقافة مؤسسية موحدة حول الذكاء الاصطناعي .
Artificial Intelligence, Decision-Making, Organizational Efficiency, Faculty Members, Derna University.
Assessment of Radioactivity in Canned Food Products from Al-Bayda, Libya
This study was conducted to assess the level of nuclear radiation contamination in canned food products collected from local markets in Al-Bayda, Libya. Samples were categorized into locally produced and imported goods, and their radiation levels were measured both externally and internally using a Geiger-Müller counter. The results indicated uniformly low activity, with measured values ranging from 0.00 to 0.076 counts per second (count/sec) across all samples. These findings confirm that the radiation levels in the tested products are minimal and fall significantly below established safety thresholds. The study concludes that the selected canned foods pose no immediate radiological health risk to consumers, providing a preliminary safety assessment for the local market.
Ionizing Radiation, Food Safety, Geiger-Müller Counter, Radioactive Contamination
Investigation of Quantum Entanglement in Stochastic Partial Differential Equations through the Lens of Dynamical Chaos Theory
Stochastic quantum entanglements give a basic problem in the dynamics of the coherence effect and the randomness of the dynamics. The paper examines the entanglement evolution in stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) in terms of dynamical chaos theory. We solve a family of SPDEs modeling quantum systems under Gaussian and Lévy noise, both in the weak and strong coupling limits. Spectral spatial discretization and stochastic Runge-Kutta time integration allow the calculation of numerically accurate solutions and the reconstruction of density matrices and calculation of entanglement measures, such as von Neumann entropy and concurrence. Measurement of chaotic properties is done by maximal Lyapunov exponents, Poincaré-type diagnostics, and sensitivity to initial conditions measures of high-dimensional stochastic dynamics. Findings indicate that stochastic forcing is much more efficient to promote entanglement and weak noise spin-offs non-zero concurrence in more than 65 percent of realizations, and high-noise regimes increase von Neumann entropy means more than 200 percent compared to deterministic baselines. Entanglement amplification is strongly related to positive Lyapunov exponents (Γ≈0.58), and high-chaos flows have oscillatory entanglement with peak-to-peak variations of 45%. Such results define a quantitative correlation between stochastic chaos and quantum correlations, and it is possible to note that the noise-induced instabilities can serve as a constructive mechanism creation of entanglements. The work gives a solid framework for studying quantum systems with stochastic perturbations and has insight that is applicable in quantum information processing, complex network dynamics, and semiclassical quantum-chaotic systems.
Quantum Entanglement, Stochastic Partial Differential Equations, Dynamical Chaos, Lyapunov Exponents, Von Neumann Entropy
Allelopathic Effects of Three Plant Species on the Germination and Growth of Agricultural Crops: Isolation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Active Allelochemicals
Allelopathy plays a crucial ecological role in regulating plant interactions and maintaining ecosystem balance through the release of secondary metabolites known as allelochemicals. The present study investigated the allelopathic effects of three plant species — Taraxacum officinale, Malva parviflora, and Solanum nigrum — on the germination and early growth of three crops (Triticum aestivum, Vicia faba, and Lolium perenne). Aqueous and organic extracts from different plant parts were prepared and evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions to determine their inhibitory potential on seed germination, radicle elongation, and seedling biomass. The results revealed that all three donor plant extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with S. nigrum extracts showing the strongest suppression on seed germination and root elongation, particularly in L. perenne. The degree of inhibition increased with extract concentration and varied according to both the donor and target plant species. Phytochemical screening and spectroscopic analyses (UV–Vis, FTIR, and NMR) identified several bioactive allelochemicals, including phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which are likely responsible for the observed allelopathic activity. These findings suggest that the tested plant species possess strong allelopathic potential, highlighting their ecological role and possible use as sources of natural bioherbicides. The study contributes to understanding plant–plant interactions in agroecosystems and supports the development of environmentally friendly weed management strategies based on allelochemical compounds.
Allelopathy, Allelochemicals, Taraxacum Officinale, Malva Parviflora, Solanum Nigrum
Discriminant Analysis of Hematological Parameters in Breast Cancer Patients and Healthy Women: A Comparative Statistical Study
This research aims to analyze the differences in basic hematological parameters between healthy women and breast cancer patients. The goal is to understand the physiological effects of the disease on blood components and to evaluate the ability of these indicators to predict health status using one of the most important multivariate statistical methods: linear discriminant analysis. The sample consisted of 200 women (100 breast cancer patients and 100 healthy women). Data were collected from the records of the National Cancer Institute in Sabratha between August 2023 and January 2024. The data included six major hematological variables: red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. The research employed an independent samples t-test to measure the differences between the two groups, in addition to applying discriminant analysis to identify the variables that contributed most to the segregation. The t-test results showed statistically significant differences in all hematological parameters. Breast cancer patients exhibited a marked decrease in platelets (HCT, Hb, and RBC) and a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC), reflecting physiological changes associated with the disease. Statistical hypothesis tests confirmed the validity of the data for discriminatory analysis, including the homogeneity of the variance-covariance matrices and the absence of multicollinearity among the variables. The discriminatory analysis demonstrated that the extracted function had high power to separate the two groups, with a canonical correlation of 0.899, a latent root value of 3.80, and a Wilkes lambda of 0.208, indicating high explanatory power. The structure matrix showed that HCT, Hb, and RBC were the most significant contributors to the discriminatory effect. The discriminatory function achieved an overall classification accuracy of 91%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the predictive model for classification based on hematological parameters. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل الفروق في المعايير الدموية الأساسية بين النساء الأصحاء ومرضى سرطان الثدي، وذلك بهدف فهم التأثيرات الفسيولوجية للمرض على مكوّنات الدم، وتقييم قدرة هذه المؤشرات على التنبؤ بالحالة الصحية باستخدام أحد أهم أساليب الإحصاء متعدد المتغيرات، وهو تحليل التمييز الخطي. اشتملت العينة على 200 امرأة بواقع (100 مريضة بسرطان الثدي و100 سليمة)، وتم جمع البيانات من سجلات المعهد القومي للأورام بصبراتة خلال الفترة من أغسطس 2023 حتى يناير 2024، وشملت خمسة متغيرات دموية رئيسية هي: كريات الدم الحمراء (RBC)، الهيموجلوبين (Hb)، الهيماتوكريت (HCT)، كريات الدم البيضاء (WBC)، والصفائح الدموية (Platelets).اعتمد البحث على اختبار (t) لعينتين مستقلتين لقياس الفروق بين المجموعتين، إضافةً إلى تطبيق تحليل التمييز لتحديد المتغيرات الأكثر مساهمة في عملية الفصل. أظهرت نتائج اختبار (t) وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً في جميع المؤشرات الدموية، حيث سجّلت مريضات سرطان الثدي انخفاضاً واضحاً في Platelets) HCT, Hb, (RBC, مقابل ارتفاع دال في (WBC) وهو ما يعكس التغيرات الفسيولوجية المرتبطة بالمرض. كما أكدت اختبارات الافتراضات الإحصائية صلاحية البيانات لتحليل التمييز، بما في ذلك تجانس مصفوفات التباين–التغاير وعدم وجود تعدد خطي بين المتغيرات. وبيّن تحليل التمييز أن الدالة المستخرجة تمتلك قدرة عالية على الفصل بين المجموعتين، إذ بلغ الارتباط الكنسي 0.899 ، وقيمة الجذر الكامن 3.80 ، ولامبدا ويلكس 0.208 ، مما يشير إلى قوة تفسيرية مرتفعة. وأظهرت مصفوفة البنية أن متغيرات (HCT, Hb, RBC) كانت الأكثر إسهاماً في التمييز. كما حققت الدالة التمييزية دقة تصنيف كلية بلغت 91%، مما يدل على فعالية النموذج التنبؤي في التصنيف المبني على المعايير الدموية
Breast cancer; hematological parameters; discriminant analysis; statistical differences.