Alqalam Journal of Science (AJS) (eISSN: 3105-4579) is an authoritative source of information for professionals in a wide range of scientific disciplines. AJS is a multidisciplinary journal and therefore short communication, research and review papers of general significance that are written clearly and well organized will be given preference. Editorial office: research.utripoli@gmail.com 00218910737929
Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Step Size Control for Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
Adaptive step-size control plays a key role in the accurate and efficient numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This work introduces a machine learning–enhanced Runge–Kutta method (ML-RK45) that employs a learned predictive policy for step-size selection, moving beyond conventional error-based adaptive strategies. The proposed approach is evaluated against fixed-step fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) and the classical adaptive Runge–Kutta 4(5) method (RK45) using four benchmark problems: exponential decay, harmonic oscillation, nonlinear autonomous systems, and stiff linear equations. Results show that ML-RK45 significantly reduces the number of solver steps and function evaluations while maintaining solution accuracy within prescribed tolerances, albeit with increased computational overhead in CPU time due to neural-network inference. In stiff and oscillatory problems, step-count reductions lead to improved algorithmic efficiency and enhanced numerical stability. Iteration counts decrease by up to 65% for exponential decay and 89% for stiff systems, while oscillatory problems exhibit substantially reduced phase and amplitude errors. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of predictive machine learning strategies to enhance adaptive ODE solvers, particularly in applications where stability and step efficiency are critical.
Adaptive Step Size, Runge–kutta, Machine Learning, Differential Equation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tillaux Fracture of The Distal Tibia (Salter-Harris Type III) In an Adolescent: A Case Report
A Salter-Harris Type III fracture represents a rare intra-articular growth plate injury in pediatric patients, characterized by a fracture line that traverses the physis and extends into the epiphysis, reaching the articular surface. A Tillaux fracture is a specific variant of this injury, occurring due to incomplete closure of the distal tibial growth plate and involving the anterolateral tibial epiphysis. This fracture pattern is unique to adolescents, as the relative strength of the anterior tibiofibular ligament compared to the partially fused physis predisposes the tibial fragment to avulsion. In the present case, a 13-year-old female presented to the emergency department following a twisting mechanism of injury to the left ankle. Initial plain radiographs (X-rays) demonstrated findings consistent with an acute, undisplaced Salter-Harris Type III fracture. Subsequent CT imaging of the left lower leg confirmed a Tillaux fracture of the distal tibia with approximately 2 mm displacement, which had been subtly overlooked on the initial radiographs. Management included closed reduction followed by percutaneous screw fixation, resulting in satisfactory stabilization of the fracture. This case highlights the importance of advanced imaging modalities, particularly CT scans, in differentiating Tillaux fractures from other ankle pathologies that may not require operative intervention. It also underscores the need for accurate diagnosis and timely surgical management to optimize outcomes in adolescent patients with transitional growth plate injuries.
Salter-Harris Type III Fracture, Tillaux Fracture, Intra-Articular Growth Plate Injury, Distal Tibial Epiphysis
The Impact of Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems on the Quality of Financial Reports in Libyan Companies: A Field Study on a Sample of Companies Operating in Tripoli
This study aims to identify the impact of implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems on the quality of financial reports in Libyan companies operating in Tripoli. This is considered, considering the administrative and technical challenges facing the implementation of these systems and their impact on the quality of accounting information and decision-making support. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting field data using a questionnaire as the primary instrument. The questionnaire was administered to a stratified random sample of accountants, finance managers, information systems managers, and internal auditors in several industrial, commercial, and service companies. The study focused on measuring the level of ERP system implementation and analyzing its impact on the quality of financial reports in terms of accuracy, reliability, timeliness, information integration, and data integrity. It also aimed to identify the most significant obstacles facing Libyan companies when implementing these systems. The data was analyzed using a range of descriptive and inferential statistical methods based on SPSS software. The study concluded by offering a set of scientific and practical recommendations that contribute to improving the implementation of ERP systems, thereby supporting the quality of financial reports and enhancing the efficiency of decision-making within Libyan companies. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر تطبيق نظام تخطيط موارد المؤسسة على جودة التقارير المالية في الشركات الليبية العاملة في مدينة طرابلس وهذا في ظل التحديات الإدارية والتقنية التي تواجه تطبيق هذه الأنظمة وانعكاسها على جودة المعلومات المحاسبية ودعم اتخاذ القرار واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال جمع البيانات الميدانية باستخدام الاستبيان كأداة رئيسية وجه إلى عينة عشوائية طبقية من المحاسبين ومديري الشؤون المالية ومديري نظم المعلومات والمراجعين الداخليين في عدد من الشركات الصناعية والتجارية والخدمية، وركزت الدراسة على قياس مستوى تطبيق نظام موارد المؤسسة وتحليل أثره على جودة التقارير المالية من حيث الدقة والموثوقية والتوقيت المناسب وتكامل المعلومات وسلامة البيانات والتعرف على أبرز المعوقات التي تواجه الشركات الليبية عند تطبيق هذه الأنظمة، وتم تحليل البيانات باستخدام مجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية الوصفية والاستدلالية بالاعتماد على برنامج الاحصائي وخلصت الدراسة إلى تقديم مجموعة من التوصيات العلمية والعملية التي تسهم في تحسين تطبيق نظم تخطيط موارد المؤسسة بما يدعم جودة التقارير المالية ويعزز كفاءة اتخاذ القرار داخل الشركات الليبية
Enterprise Resource Planning, Quality of Financial Reporting, Accounting Information Systems, Financial Reports.
Study The Effect of Some Energy Drinks on The Liver and Pancreas Functions in Male Albino Mice
The current study aimed to determine the extent of the effects of energy drinks on the liver and pancreatic functions. The study was conducted on (35) male albino mice, whose weighting between (26-28 gm). The mice were divided into five groups (7/ group): the 1st group, received a diet and pure water, the 2nd group: which received an oral dose of 7.5mg\kg RB, the 3rd group received an oral dose of 15mg\kg RB, and the 4th group received an oral dose of 7.5 mg\kg PH and the 5th group were orally dosed with 15mg\kg PH, and after end of the experiment period, the mice were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical tests, liver and pancreas were extracted for histological study. The results obtained from the biochemical analysis showed that no significant differences were recorded in liver enzymes and liver tissue. While there was a significant increase p<0.05 in glucose level in the 2nd group treated with 7mg/kg RB, and in cholesterol and HDL levels in the 4th and 5th groups that treated with 7.5mg/kg & 15mg/kg PH, as will as there was a significant increase p<0.05 in the insulin hormone concentration in the 3rd group that treated with 15mg/kg RB. The results of the tissue samples showed that no changes were recorded in the liver tissues and cells, while there were cells necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis of pancreatic tissue, bacterial infection, and bacterial pancreatitis. These results indicate that energy drinks cause tissue damage.
Compliance of Software Developers and Engineers with the Formal Implementation of Software Testing at the General Electricity Company of Libya
Software testing is one of the essential parts of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It is a means to discover errors during the execution of the program, which ensures obtaining a defect-free software system. This testing evaluates the capabilities of the program and its usability. This study aims to analyze the extent of commitment of software developers and engineers to the formal implementation of software testing and to identify the factors affecting this commitment at the Libyan Electricity Company. The study relies on the descriptive analytical survey methodology by distributing an electronic questionnaire to a sample consisting of 30 participants representing different categories (developers, engineers, programmers, managers, and technicians) from different Libyan cities working in the General Electricity Company. The results showed that the commitment to software testing within the Libyan Electricity Company still lacks formality and that the level of commitment remains limited. The most prominent challenges are weak documentation, the absence of a testing environment, and the increase in problems after delivery. The most important influencing factors are the lack of specialized staff, the absence of a clear testing policy, and a low level of awareness of the importance of testing. Based on the results of the study, several recommendations were proposed to enhance the commitment to the implementation of software testing and to apply it in the present and future. It is recommended to provide training programs to raise awareness and skills, and provide specialized staff.
Software Testing, General Electricity Company, Unit Testing, Integration Testing
Spatial Distribution Analysis of Services at the National Center for Infertility Diagnosis and Treatment in Al‑Jabal Al‑Akhdar: A Study in Service Geography
This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of access and spatial equity in the services provided by the National Center for Infertility Diagnosis and Treatment, and to propose planning alternatives that reduce the burden of access for peripheral areas within the Al‑Jabal Al‑Akhdar region, using Al‑Bayda as the sole reference service point. A database of case locations was constructed using Google Earth Pro and field visits to the center, followed by the application of GIS tools. The spatial burden index (distance in km × number of cases) was employed, along with Kernel Density analysis to identify deficit hotspots and Buffer analysis to delineate service zones. The results revealed that the service influence extended from less than 1 km to more than 500 km, reaching as far as Al‑Jaghbub, indicating a clear regional pattern of service centralization. The near‑range service zones (0–30 km and 30–60 km) encompassed 20 out of 36 areas, accounting for 455 cases (59.71%). In contrast, Tobruk exhibited a significant peripheral burden within the 200–300 km zone, representing 11.29% of cases with an average distance of 259 km. The study presents a practical future vision based on establishing supporting centers in Derna, Tobruk, Al‑Marj, and Al‑Jaghbub, while maintaining Al‑Bayda as the reference center. This scenario would increase coverage to 72.52% across an area of 75,503.01 km² and reduce access gaps in peripheral regions.
Service geography; spatial coverage; spatial equity; spatial burden index; geographic information systems (GIS)
Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Strains on Root Uptake of Macronutrients (N, P, K) in the Soils of Sirte City
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation with seven different strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in combination with varying levels of phosphate fertilization, on the uptake of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the root system of maize (Zea mays) under the environmental conditions of Sirte City. The experiment was conducted using a split‑plot design with three replicates, where fungal strains were assigned to the main plots and phosphate fertilizer levels (0, 50, and 100 kg P₂O₅/ha) to the subplots. The results demonstrated that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the uptake of macronutrients compared with the control treatment. Among the tested strains, Rhizophagus intraradices recorded the highest uptake rates across all phosphate fertilization levels. Furthermore, the interaction between mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphate fertilization exhibited a clear synergistic effect in improving nutrient absorption efficiency, underscoring the importance of this biotechnological approach in enhancing crop productivity under the environmental conditions of Sirte. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير التلقيح بسبع سلالات مختلفة من فطريات المايكوريزا الشجيرية بالتداخل مع مستويات مختلفة من التسميد الفوسفاتي على امتصاص العناصر الكبرى (النيتروجين والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم) في المجموع الجذري لنبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays في ظروف مدينة سرت. أجريت التجربة باستخدام تصميم القطاعات المنشقة مرة واحدة في ثلاث مكررات، حيث وزعت السلالات الفطرية في القطع الرئيسية ومستويات السماد الفوسفاتي (0، 50، 100 كجم P₂O₅/هـ) في القطع الثانوية. أظهرت النتائج أن التلقيح بفطريات المايكوريزا أدى إلى تحسين معنوي في امتصاص العناصر الغذائية الكبرى مقارنة بمعاملة الشاهد، حيث سجلت سلالة Rhizophagus intraradices أعلى معدلات للامتصاص عبر جميع مستويات التسميد الفوسفاتي. كما أظهر التداخل بين التلقيح بالمايكوريزا والتسميد الفوسفاتي تأثيراً تآزرياً واضحاً في زيادة كفاءة امتصاص العناصر الغذائية، مما يعكس أهمية هذه التقنية الحيوية في تحسين إنتاجية المحاصيل في الظروف البيئية لمنطقة سرت.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, maize, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, phosphate fertilization, Sirte City
Occupational Health and Safety Requirements in Oil Facilities: A Field Study of the Zawiya Oil Depot Affiliated with Brega Petroleum Marketing Company
This study aims to examine the extent of compliance with occupational health and safety requirements in oil facilities through a field investigation conducted at the Zawiya Oil Depot, operated by the Brega Petroleum Marketing Company. A specially designed questionnaire was employed for this purpose, comprising sixty-nine items distributed across three main dimensions that addressed various aspects of occupational health and safety. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of twenty-five employees, including administrators, engineers, and technicians, in order to collect the necessary data for testing the study’s hypotheses and assessing workers’ awareness and adherence to safety standards. For data analysis, both descriptive and analytical methods were applied using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Cronbach’s Alpha was utilized to measure validity and reliability, alongside additional statistical tests to verify normal distribution and the significance of differences between variables. The analysis revealed that participants’ views were generally consistent regarding the level of implementation of occupational health and safety requirements. Moreover, no statistically significant differences were observed among managers, supervisors, engineers, and technicians in terms of compliance with workplace safety procedures. Overall, the findings indicate a general weakness in safety culture and a lack of awareness of its importance, coupled with evident challenges in communication and coordination across administrative levels. In addition, deficiencies were noted in the implementation of training and awareness programs. These results underscore the urgent need to develop effective mechanisms for reporting and analyzing risks and incidents, thereby contributing to the promotion of a safe and sustainable working environment within oil facilities.
Occupational Health and Safety, Oil Facilities, Risk Management, Employee Training, Preventive Systems, Occupational Accidents, Organizational Culture, Modern Technology
Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
With the rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), nearly every device we interact with is now connected to the internet or has the capability to do so. This has led to an enormous increase in the volume of data stored and transmitted across global networks, creating the need for innovative technologies to manage such massive datasets. Fog computing and edge computing are among the emerging approaches widely adopted in handling big data, including economic, medical, and social application data. This paper examines fog computing and edge computing by exploring their similarities, differences, and the potential benefits of integrating the two. The study demonstrates that while each technology has its own advantages and limitations, they can complement one another by enhancing processing speed, improving bandwidth utilization, enabling localized data handling, and strengthening security. نظرا للتطور الهائل لما يعرف بإنترنت الاشياء حيث أصبح تقريبا كل جهاز نتعامل معه متصل بالأنترنت او له القدرة على الاتصال بالأنترنت مما ادي إلي زيادة هائلة في كمية البيانات المخزنة والمنقولة في الشبكات العالمية، جاءت الحاجة لاختراع تقنيات للتعامل مع هذه الكميات الهائلة من البيانات. الحوسبة الضبابية والحوسبة الطرفية هما من هذه التقنيات المتداولة بين أوساط المتعاملين مع البيانات العملاقة مثل البيانات الاقتصادية والبيانات الطبية وحتى بيانات التطبيقات الاجتماعية وغيرها من التطبيقات. تدرس هذه الورقة الحوسبة الضبابية والحوسبة الطرفية من حيث، أوجه الشبه والاختلاف بينهما و الفائدة من وراء دمجهما وأظهرت الدراسة أن لكل تقنية مزاياها وعيوبها ولكن يمكن لكل منهما تقوية الأخرى من خلال زيادة سرع المعالجة وتحسن عرض النطاق الترددي والمعالجة المحلية ودرجة الأمان.
Fog computing; Edge computing; Internet of Things; Cloud computing
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Application on Decision-Making Quality: A Field Study of Faculty Members at Derna University
This study aims to explore the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving decision-making processes from the perspective of faculty members in the Faculties of Economics and Law at Derna University. To achieve its objectives, the study adopted a descriptive–analytical methodology and drew upon relevant previous research. The study population consisted of faculty members in the two faculties, with a purposive sample of 30 participants representing different departments. Data analysis was conducted using computer-based statistical tools provided by the SPSS software package. The findings revealed that AI plays an effective role in enhancing organizational efficiency, improving the quality of decision-making within the faculties, and raising the level of administrative performance. Based on these results, the study recommends integrating AI concepts into academic curricula across all disciplines, thereby fostering a unified institutional culture around artificial intelligence. تهدف الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحسين عملية اتخاذ القرار من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس بكليتي الاقتصاد والقانون بجامعة درنة , ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة , أتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي , وأستندت إلى بعض الدراسات السابقة . وقد تمثل مجتمع الدراسة في أعضاء هيئة التدريس بالكليتين, حيث بلغ قوام عينة الدراسة) 30) عضو هيئة تدريس من الاقسام المختلفة بالكليتين , ولتحليل بيانات الدراسة تم الاستعانه بالحاسب الالي واستخدام برنامج إحصائية من خدمة البرمجيات الواردة في (SPSS) ، حيث تم التوصل إلى العديد من النتائج من ضمنها : أن الذكاء الاصطناعي له دور فعال في تعزيز كفاءة المنظمات و تحسين جودة عملية اتخاذ القرار داخل الكليتين ورفع من مستوى الاداء الإداري، وبناءاً على ما تم التوصل له من نتائج فان الباحث يوصي بالآتي : بإدراج مفاهيم الذكاء الاصطناعي ضمن المناهج الأكاديمية في جميع التخصصات، بما يعزز من بناء ثقافة مؤسسية موحدة حول الذكاء الاصطناعي .
Artificial Intelligence, Decision-Making, Organizational Efficiency, Faculty Members, Derna University.
Assessment of Radioactivity in Canned Food Products from Al-Bayda, Libya
This study was conducted to assess the level of nuclear radiation contamination in canned food products collected from local markets in Al-Bayda, Libya. Samples were categorized into locally produced and imported goods, and their radiation levels were measured both externally and internally using a Geiger-Müller counter. The results indicated uniformly low activity, with measured values ranging from 0.00 to 0.076 counts per second (count/sec) across all samples. These findings confirm that the radiation levels in the tested products are minimal and fall significantly below established safety thresholds. The study concludes that the selected canned foods pose no immediate radiological health risk to consumers, providing a preliminary safety assessment for the local market.
Ionizing Radiation, Food Safety, Geiger-Müller Counter, Radioactive Contamination
Investigation of Quantum Entanglement in Stochastic Partial Differential Equations through the Lens of Dynamical Chaos Theory
Stochastic quantum entanglements give a basic problem in the dynamics of the coherence effect and the randomness of the dynamics. The paper examines the entanglement evolution in stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) in terms of dynamical chaos theory. We solve a family of SPDEs modeling quantum systems under Gaussian and Lévy noise, both in the weak and strong coupling limits. Spectral spatial discretization and stochastic Runge-Kutta time integration allow the calculation of numerically accurate solutions and the reconstruction of density matrices and calculation of entanglement measures, such as von Neumann entropy and concurrence. Measurement of chaotic properties is done by maximal Lyapunov exponents, Poincaré-type diagnostics, and sensitivity to initial conditions measures of high-dimensional stochastic dynamics. Findings indicate that stochastic forcing is much more efficient to promote entanglement and weak noise spin-offs non-zero concurrence in more than 65 percent of realizations, and high-noise regimes increase von Neumann entropy means more than 200 percent compared to deterministic baselines. Entanglement amplification is strongly related to positive Lyapunov exponents (Γ≈0.58), and high-chaos flows have oscillatory entanglement with peak-to-peak variations of 45%. Such results define a quantitative correlation between stochastic chaos and quantum correlations, and it is possible to note that the noise-induced instabilities can serve as a constructive mechanism creation of entanglements. The work gives a solid framework for studying quantum systems with stochastic perturbations and has insight that is applicable in quantum information processing, complex network dynamics, and semiclassical quantum-chaotic systems.
Quantum Entanglement, Stochastic Partial Differential Equations, Dynamical Chaos, Lyapunov Exponents, Von Neumann Entropy
Allelopathic Effects of Three Plant Species on the Germination and Growth of Agricultural Crops: Isolation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Active Allelochemicals
Allelopathy plays a crucial ecological role in regulating plant interactions and maintaining ecosystem balance through the release of secondary metabolites known as allelochemicals. The present study investigated the allelopathic effects of three plant species — Taraxacum officinale, Malva parviflora, and Solanum nigrum — on the germination and early growth of three crops (Triticum aestivum, Vicia faba, and Lolium perenne). Aqueous and organic extracts from different plant parts were prepared and evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions to determine their inhibitory potential on seed germination, radicle elongation, and seedling biomass. The results revealed that all three donor plant extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with S. nigrum extracts showing the strongest suppression on seed germination and root elongation, particularly in L. perenne. The degree of inhibition increased with extract concentration and varied according to both the donor and target plant species. Phytochemical screening and spectroscopic analyses (UV–Vis, FTIR, and NMR) identified several bioactive allelochemicals, including phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which are likely responsible for the observed allelopathic activity. These findings suggest that the tested plant species possess strong allelopathic potential, highlighting their ecological role and possible use as sources of natural bioherbicides. The study contributes to understanding plant–plant interactions in agroecosystems and supports the development of environmentally friendly weed management strategies based on allelochemical compounds.
Allelopathy, Allelochemicals, Taraxacum Officinale, Malva Parviflora, Solanum Nigrum
Discriminant Analysis of Hematological Parameters in Breast Cancer Patients and Healthy Women: A Comparative Statistical Study
This research aims to analyze the differences in basic hematological parameters between healthy women and breast cancer patients. The goal is to understand the physiological effects of the disease on blood components and to evaluate the ability of these indicators to predict health status using one of the most important multivariate statistical methods: linear discriminant analysis. The sample consisted of 200 women (100 breast cancer patients and 100 healthy women). Data were collected from the records of the National Cancer Institute in Sabratha between August 2023 and January 2024. The data included six major hematological variables: red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. The research employed an independent samples t-test to measure the differences between the two groups, in addition to applying discriminant analysis to identify the variables that contributed most to the segregation. The t-test results showed statistically significant differences in all hematological parameters. Breast cancer patients exhibited a marked decrease in platelets (HCT, Hb, and RBC) and a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC), reflecting physiological changes associated with the disease. Statistical hypothesis tests confirmed the validity of the data for discriminatory analysis, including the homogeneity of the variance-covariance matrices and the absence of multicollinearity among the variables. The discriminatory analysis demonstrated that the extracted function had high power to separate the two groups, with a canonical correlation of 0.899, a latent root value of 3.80, and a Wilkes lambda of 0.208, indicating high explanatory power. The structure matrix showed that HCT, Hb, and RBC were the most significant contributors to the discriminatory effect. The discriminatory function achieved an overall classification accuracy of 91%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the predictive model for classification based on hematological parameters. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل الفروق في المعايير الدموية الأساسية بين النساء الأصحاء ومرضى سرطان الثدي، وذلك بهدف فهم التأثيرات الفسيولوجية للمرض على مكوّنات الدم، وتقييم قدرة هذه المؤشرات على التنبؤ بالحالة الصحية باستخدام أحد أهم أساليب الإحصاء متعدد المتغيرات، وهو تحليل التمييز الخطي. اشتملت العينة على 200 امرأة بواقع (100 مريضة بسرطان الثدي و100 سليمة)، وتم جمع البيانات من سجلات المعهد القومي للأورام بصبراتة خلال الفترة من أغسطس 2023 حتى يناير 2024، وشملت خمسة متغيرات دموية رئيسية هي: كريات الدم الحمراء (RBC)، الهيموجلوبين (Hb)، الهيماتوكريت (HCT)، كريات الدم البيضاء (WBC)، والصفائح الدموية (Platelets).اعتمد البحث على اختبار (t) لعينتين مستقلتين لقياس الفروق بين المجموعتين، إضافةً إلى تطبيق تحليل التمييز لتحديد المتغيرات الأكثر مساهمة في عملية الفصل. أظهرت نتائج اختبار (t) وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً في جميع المؤشرات الدموية، حيث سجّلت مريضات سرطان الثدي انخفاضاً واضحاً في Platelets) HCT, Hb, (RBC, مقابل ارتفاع دال في (WBC) وهو ما يعكس التغيرات الفسيولوجية المرتبطة بالمرض. كما أكدت اختبارات الافتراضات الإحصائية صلاحية البيانات لتحليل التمييز، بما في ذلك تجانس مصفوفات التباين–التغاير وعدم وجود تعدد خطي بين المتغيرات. وبيّن تحليل التمييز أن الدالة المستخرجة تمتلك قدرة عالية على الفصل بين المجموعتين، إذ بلغ الارتباط الكنسي 0.899 ، وقيمة الجذر الكامن 3.80 ، ولامبدا ويلكس 0.208 ، مما يشير إلى قوة تفسيرية مرتفعة. وأظهرت مصفوفة البنية أن متغيرات (HCT, Hb, RBC) كانت الأكثر إسهاماً في التمييز. كما حققت الدالة التمييزية دقة تصنيف كلية بلغت 91%، مما يدل على فعالية النموذج التنبؤي في التصنيف المبني على المعايير الدموية
Breast cancer; hematological parameters; discriminant analysis; statistical differences.
Academic Differences Between Physical Therapy Programs in Higher Education and Technical Education and Their Impact on Output Quality in Libya
This study aims to analyze the structural and methodological differences between diploma programs offered in higher institutes and bachelor’s programs offered in Libyan universities in the field of physical therapy, and to evaluate the impact of these differences on graduates’ competencies and their readiness for clinical practice. A descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach was adopted, involving a review of official curricula, course sequencing, distribution of theoretical and practical hours, and clinical training requirements. The analysis revealed clear differences in the depth of scientific content, competency-building structures, and educational organization. Diploma programs are characterized by an intensive structure and early exposure to specialized courses without sufficient scientific foundation, whereas bachelor’s programs follow a gradual approach to skill development through successive stages that include advanced biomedical sciences, extended clinical training, and evidence-based therapeutic practices. Knowledge and skill gaps were identified among diploma graduates in areas such as clinical assessment, biomechanics, cardiopulmonary therapy, and scientific research. The study concludes with a recommendation to adopt a unified national framework and compensatory transitional programs to harmonize the two pathways, enhance educational quality, and raise clinical competence levels in line with international standards of physical therapy. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل الفروقات البنيوية والمنهجية بين برامج الدبلوم في المعاهد العليا وبرامج البكالوريوس في الجامعات الليبية في مجال العلاج الطبيعي، وتقييم تأثير هذه الفروقات على كفاءات الخريجين ومستوى جاهزيتهم للممارسة السريرية. اعتمدت الدراسة منهجًا وصفيًا تحليليًا مقارنًا شمل مراجعة الخطط الدراسية الرسمية، وتسلسل المقررات، وتوزيع الساعات النظرية والعملية، ومتطلبات التدريب السريري. وأظهر التحليل وجود اختلافات واضحة في عمق المحتوى العلمي، وهيكلة بناء الكفاءات، والتنظيم التعليمي؛ إذ تتسم برامج الدبلوم ببنية مكثّفة وتعرض مبكر للمقررات التخصصية دون تأسيس علمي كافٍ، بينما تتبع برامج البكالوريوس منهجًا تدريجيًا قائمًا على تنمية المهارات عبر مراحل متتابعة تشمل علومًا طبية حيوية متقدمة، وتدريبًا سريريًا ممتدًا، وممارسات علاجية مبنية على الأدلة. كما تبرز فجوات معرفية ومهارية في التقييم السريري، والميكانيكا الحيوية، والعلاج القلبي الرئوي، والبحث العلمي لدى خريجي الدبلوم. وتخلص الدراسة إلى ضرورة اعتماد إطار وطني موحّد وبرامج انتقالية تعويضية تضمن مواءمة المسارين، وتعزيز جودة التعليم، ورفع مستوى الكفاءة السريرية بما يتوافق مع المعايير الدولية للعلاج الطبيعي.
Physical Therapy Education; Methodological Comparison; Higher Education; Technical Education; Clinical Competence.
Barriers to the Implementation of E‑Management at the Faculty of Technical Sciences, Derna
This study sought to identify the principal barriers hindering the implementation of electronic management at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Derna, as perceived by faculty members. To achieve this objective, the researchers developed a questionnaire informed by prior studies. The instrument comprised two sections: the first collected demographic information, while the second addressed four dimensions of barriers—administrative, technical, human, and financial. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study population consisted of all faculty members at the college (n=40). Findings revealed several challenges. Administrative barriers included a lack of training courses in electronic management. Technical barriers were represented by weak infrastructure and limited availability of Arabic‑language software. Financial barriers were associated with the high cost of electronic software and insufficient budget allocations for staff training programs. Human barriers were reflected in resistance to change among some employees, driven by concerns over potential loss of job security.
Electronic management, Barriers, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Derna.
The Role of Islamic Banking in Achieving Economic Development
This study examines the role of Islamic banks in supporting economic development by analyzing mechanisms of fund utilization and investment strategies adopted within these institutions. The research highlights the importance of Islamic banks, which have become active players in the global financial system due to their adherence to Islamic Sharia principles, avoidance of usurious transactions, and reliance on financing models based on profit‑and‑loss sharing. The study seeks to clarify the extent of Islamic banks’ contribution to mobilizing financial resources and directing them toward development projects by reviewing the scale of investments allocated to the economic sector. It also identifies strengths and weaknesses in the application of Sharia‑compliant investment models such as musharakah (partnership), mudarabah (profit‑sharing), murabaha (cost‑plus financing), and ijarah (leasing). In addition, the study reviews the jurisprudential framework governing banking transactions, particularly the concept of riba (usury), its types, and the distinction between it and legitimate profit in commercial activities. The research adopts a descriptive‑analytical approach, drawing on specialized literature and relevant scientific studies, to highlight the reality of Islamic banking operations and assess their capacity to meet development requirements. The findings reveal fundamental differences between Islamic and conventional banks, emphasizing the need to strengthen and diversify Sharia‑compliant investment tools, enhance transparency, and provide specialized expertise. The study recommends developing partnership‑based investment mechanisms and increasing reliance on medium‑ and long‑term financing models to improve the efficiency of the financial system and support economic growth.
Islamic banks, economic development, Sharia‑compliant investment, musharakah, mudarabah, murabaha, riba.
Social Commerce Adoption Using Technology and Trust Factors: An Empirical Investigation of SMEs
Social commerce has become an important platform for business owners and managers as it assists organisations to connect with customers and gain competitive advantages. Nevertheless, there are not many empirical studies that have focused on small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing nations. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of technological and trust factors on the adoption of social commerce by SMEs in Malaysia. This study tested the model and related hypotheses by using structural equation modelling. The results obtained from a survey conducted on 232 SMEs in Malaysia revealed that technological factors (Perceived Usefulness, Service Quality Compatibility), followed by trust factors (Reliability, Social Influence, Attitude), have the most significant effect on behavioural intention to use social commerce. The conclusion and contribution of this study as well as limitations and future research directions, are also presented.
Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Its Association with Gender and Occult Blood in Stool among Patients in Al-Bayda City, Libya.
Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, remains a major parasitic disease in developing countries, with significant health impacts across Africa and the Middle East. Despite improvements in sanitation, intestinal protozoal infections continue to be widespread in Libya. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. histolytica infection among patients in Al-Bayda City, Libya, and to evaluate its association with gender, age, and the presence of fecal occult blood (FOB) in stool samples. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 238 stool samples collected during 2024. Samples were examined for E. histolytica cysts and trophozoites and tested for occult blood using a rapid immunochromatographic method. Statistical analyses (chi-square and t-tests) were performed using R software, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The prevalence of E. histolytica was 23.1% (55/238). There was no significant association between infection and gender (χ²=0.00, p=0.983) or age (t=1.05, p=0.296). However, a strong association was found between E. histolytica infection and FOB positivity (χ²=21.9, p=0.0000193). The relationships between gender and FOB (χ²=0.00, p=0.99) and between age and FOB =0.42, p=0.673) were not significant. The high prevalence of E. histolytica and its strong association with occult blood indicate ongoing transmission and mucosal invasion among infected individuals in Al-Bayda City. Improved sanitation, public health education, and molecular confirmation of E. histolytica are essential to reduce infection rates and prevent severe outcomes.
Entamoeba histolytica, Prevalence, Al-Bayda, Libya, Gender, Fecal Occult Blood, Intestinal Parasites.
Hidden Endocrine Burden: Hypothyroidism in Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Kosti Teaching Hospital, Sudan
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and associated with long-term complications affecting various organs, including the eyes, nerves, kidneys, and endocrine glands. Among these, thyroid dysfunction—particularly hypothyroidism—has been under-investigated in diabetic populations, despite evidence suggesting a higher prevalence among type II diabetic patients compared to the general population. This coexistence may complicate glycemic control and diabetes management. This case-control hospital-based study was conducted at Kosti Teaching Hospital in Kosti City, White Nile State, Sudan, between April 1st and June 1st, 2023. The study enrolled 96 participants, including 66 patients with type II diabetes mellitus (cases) and 30 non-diabetic controls, selected randomly. All participants underwent detailed history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory testing for fasting blood glucose and thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4, and TSH). Data were collected using structured forms and analyzed statistically. The prevalence of hypothyroidism among type II diabetic patients was 19.6%. Among cases, the mean serum levels were: T3 = 0.72 ± 0.54 μg/dL, T4 = 4.01 ± 1.76 μg/dL, and TSH = 10.28 ± 6.96 μIU/mL. TSH elevation was observed in 22.7% of patients, low T4 in 19.6%, and low T3 in 16.6%. No significant correlation was found between thyroid hormone levels and age or sex. Approximately one-fifth of type II diabetic patients were found to have hypothyroidism. This hormonal imbalance may impair glycemic control and exacerbate complications. Routine screening for thyroid dysfunction in type II DM patients is recommended to improve clinical outcomes and reduce morbidity. داء السكري هو اضطراب شائع في الغدد الصماء يتميز بارتفاع مستوى السكر في الدم بشكل مزمن ويرتبط بمضاعفات طويلة الأمد تؤثر على أعضاء متعددة منها العينين والأعصاب والكلى والغدد الصماء ومن بين هذه المضاعفات يبرز خلل الغدة الدرقية وخاصة قصور الغدة الدرقية الذي لم يحظ بالاهتمام الكافي في الدراسات رغم وجود أدلة تشير إلى ارتفاع معدل انتشاره بين مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني مقارنة بعامة السكان وهذا التلازم قد يعقد ضبط مستوى السكر وإدارة المرض وقد أجريت دراسة حالة وشاهد في مستشفى كوستي التعليمي بمدينة كوستي بولاية النيل الأبيض في السودان خلال الفترة من 1 أبريل إلى 1 يونيو 2023 وشملت الدراسة 96 مشاركاً منهم 66 مريضاً بالسكري من النوع الثاني و30 شخصاً غير مصاب بالسكري تم اختيارهم عشوائياً وخضع جميع المشاركين لأخذ تاريخ مرضي مفصل وفحص سريري وفحوصات مخبرية لقياس مستوى السكر الصائم وهرمونات الغدة الدرقية وهي ثلاثي يود الثيرونين والثيروكسين والهرمون المحفز للغدة الدرقية وجمعت البيانات باستخدام استمارات منظمة وتم تحليلها إحصائياً وأظهرت النتائج أن معدل انتشار قصور الغدة الدرقية بين مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني بلغ 19.6% وكان متوسط مستويات الهرمونات في المصل لدى المرضى كما يلي T3 = 0.72 ± 0.54 μg/dL وT4 = 4.01 ± 1.76 μg/dL وTSH = 10.28 ± 6.96 μIU/mL ولوحظ ارتفاع TSH في 22.7% من المرضى وانخفاض T4 في 19.6% وانخفاض T3 في 16.6% ولم تسجل علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين مستويات هرمونات الغدة الدرقية والعمر أو الجنس وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن حوالي خمس مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني يعانون من قصور الغدة الدرقية وهذا الخلل الهرموني قد يضعف ضبط مستوى السكر ويزيد من تفاقم المضاعفات ويوصى بإجراء فحوصات دورية لوظائف الغدة الدرقية لدى مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني لتحسين النتائج السريرية وتقليل معدلات الاعتلال
Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Hormones.
Analyzing the Role of Blockchain in Enhancing Cybersecurity Infrastructure: A Comparative Study of Traditional and Decentralized Systems
Digital inflow of infrastructures has made certain, stable, and non-porous security systems more urgent and crucial. Although traditional centralized logging and monitoring systems are not only efficient in their speed and resource usage, but also susceptible to colossal and insider attacks. This paper explains how blockchain technology contribute to the improvement of the cybersecurity infrastructure with the help of a comparative analysis of the centralized and decentralized logging systems. The two systems were compared using 600,000 artificial log entries of 30 controlled experiments on measures like integrity detection, latency, throughput, resource usage, and resilience to adversarial environments, including replay and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. The results showed that the blockchain systems detected tampering 100 % and replay 0 % and 44 % resilience to DDoS conditions compared to the centralized system which only detected 5 % of tampered logs and failed in 87 % of replay attacks. However, blockchain integration incurred significantly greater computational cost, and the latency was nearly 30-fold; the usage of resources was over 200 % higher than centralized systems. These findings highlight the trade-off between efficiency and security, whereby blockchain is more efficient in terms of integrity and resiliency guarantees at the cost of performance. This paper ends by concluding that blockchain-based cybersecurity infrastructures possess a large potential in high-risk and mission-critical environments where the integrity and trust of data are the most relevant aspects.
Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Centralized Systems, Decentralized Systems, Tamper Detection.
A Study on Autoimmune Diseases: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Autoimmune diseases represent a complex and heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the immune system and lead to the destruction of the body’s own tissues. These conditions encompass a wide spectrum of health problems involving multiple organs, significantly impairing patients’ quality of life and posing major challenges for clinicians and researchers. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of autoimmune diseases, including their potential causes, types and classification, diagnostic approaches, and available treatments. A selection of scientific studies was reviewed using specialized databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Previous research and theoretical references were analyzed to gain deeper insights into autoimmune diseases. Findings indicate that autoimmune disorders result from abnormal immune responses directed against self-tissues. Prior studies have highlighted genetic, environmental, and immunological factors as possible contributors to disease onset. The study concludes that advancing our understanding of autoimmune diseases and developing targeted therapies that address specific pathogenic pathways are of critical importance. Furthermore, research efforts should emphasize the psychological and social impacts of these conditions and ensure adequate patient support. Continued investigation is encouraged to identify contributing factors and to develop effective strategies for prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases. تعتبر الأمراض المناعية الذاتية مجموعة معقدة ومتنوعة التي تؤثر على جهاز المناعة وتؤدي إلى تدمير أنسجة الجسم الخاصة به. تشمل هذه الحالات مجموعة واسعة من الاضطرابات الصحية التي تصيب أعضاءً مختلفة من الجسم، مما يؤثر بشكل كبير على نوعية الحياة للمرضى ويشكل تحديات كبيرة للأطباء والباحثين. تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى استعراض وتحليل الأمراض المناعية الذاتية بشكل شامل، بما في ذلك الأسباب المحتملة، أنواعها وتصنيفها والتشخيص، والعلاجات المتاحة. تمت مراجعة بعض الابحاث العلمية المتاحة حول الأمراض المناعية الذاتية باستخدام قواعد بيانات متخصصة. تم تحليل الدراسات السابقة والمراجع النظرية لفهم أعمق للأمراض المناعية الذاتية. تبين أن الأمراض المناعية الذاتية تنتج عن تفاعل غير طبيعي لجهاز المناعة مع أنسجة الجسم الخاصة به. كشفت الدراسات السابقة عن عوامل وراثية وبيئية ومناعية محتملة وراء الاصابة بالمرض. نستنتج إلى أهمية تحسين فهمنا للأمراض المناعية الذاتية وتطوير علاجات مستهدفة تستهدف المسارات الدقيقة للإصابة. يجب أيضًا أن تركز الجهود البحثية على فهم التأثيرات النفسية والاجتماعية لهذه الحالات وتوفير الدعم اللازم للمرضى. يُشجع على مزيد من الأبحاث لتحديد العوامل المساهمة وتطوير استراتيجيات الوقاية والعلاج الفعال للأمراض المناعية الذاتية
Autoimmune diseases, immune system, autoantibodies
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for the Advancement of the Arabic Language: Challenges and Future Opportunities
Artificial intelligence (AI) represents one of the most transformative technologies of the digital age, having evolved beyond industrial applications to become a pivotal force in language and human communication. This study aims to explore the role of AI in supporting the Arabic language by analyzing its practical applications, identifying the challenges hindering the development of Arabic-language tools, and anticipating future prospects. The research is grounded in the hypothesis that, despite the morphological richness, semantic depth, and cultural significance of Arabic, the language continues to face technical integration barriers due to its complex derivational system, dialectal diversity, and the scarcity of machine-learning-ready digital datasets. يُعدّ الذكاء الاصطناعي أحد أبرز التحوّلات التقنية في العصر الرقمي، إذ تجاوز نطاق المهام الصناعية ليصبح عنصرًا فاعلًا في ميدان اللغة والتواصل الإنساني. تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى بيان دور الذكاء الاصطناعي في خدمة اللغة العربية من خلال تحليل تطبيقاته العملية، ورصد التحديات التي تواجه تطوير أدواته، واستشراف آفاقه المستقبلية.ينطلق البحث من فرضية مفادها أن اللغة العربية، رغم غناها الصرفي والدلالي ومكانتها الحضارية، لا تزال تواجه صعوبات في الاندماج التقني بسبب تعقيد نظامها الاشتقاقي، وتعدد لهجاتها، وندرة البيانات الرقمية المهيّأة للتعلّم الآلي. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واستندت إلى مقارنة واقعية بين تجارب اللغات العالمية والعربية في مجال المعالجة الطبيعية للغات .تبيّن النتائج أن الذكاء الاصطناعي أسهم في تطوير مجالات متعددة مثل الترجمة الآلية، والتعرّف على الكلام، وتوليد النصوص، والتعليم الذكي. غير أنّ توظيفه في خدمة العربية ما زال يواجه تحديات تقنية ولغوية ومؤسساتية، أبرزها: ضعف قواعد البيانات العربية، وصعوبة تمثيل التشكيل والإعراب، وهيمنة اللغات الأجنبية على نماذج الذكاء الاصطناعي.وتخلص الدراسة إلى ضرورة تعزيز التعاون بين اللغويين والمبرمجين، وبناء موارد لغوية عربية مفتوحة، وتبنّي سياسات رقمية تدعم حضور العربية في الفضاء الذكي العالمي. كما تؤكد أن مستقبل الذكاء الاصطناعي اللغوي يجب أن يكون إنسانيّ التوجّه، يحترم التنوع الثقافي، ويوازن بين التقدّم التقني وصون الهوية اللغوية
Artificial Intelligence – Arabic Language – Technical Challenges – Future Opportunities
Comparative Evaluation of Natural and Organic Fertilizers Versus NPK on the Growth and Productivity of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
This study aimed to assess the effects of various natural and organic fertilizers in comparison with chemical NPK fertilizer on the growth and productivity of local peppermint plants (Mentha piperita L.) under controlled cultivation conditions in the herbarium of the Faculty of Science, Sebha University, during the spring season of 2022. Six fertilization treatments were applied: compost tea, baker’s yeast, rice solution, coffee solution, NPK fertilizer, and a control group without fertilization. Each treatment was replicated three times. Growth parameters, including total plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight, were measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a significance level of 0.05. The results revealed statistically significant differences among treatments, with compost tea and NPK fertilizer showing superior performance in enhancing plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight compared to other treatments. Compost tea recorded the highest average plant height (60 cm), while the highest dry weight was observed in the NPK treatment (34.07 g). In contrast, rice and coffee treatments exhibited minimal impact on growth indicators. The study recommends minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers due to their environmental and health implications, and advocates for the adoption of environmentally safe organic fertilizers. It also emphasizes the importance of agricultural awareness regarding the role of natural fertilization in improving production quality and soil sustainability.
Organic Fertilizers, NPK Fertilizer, Peppermint Growth, Plant Productivity
News Coverage of Irregular Migration Topics as Reflected on the Libyan News Agency Website from January 1 to July 31, 2025: An Analytical Study
This study aims to monitor the news coverage of irregular migration topics as reflected on the Libyan News Agency website during the period from January 1 to July 31, 2025. It explores the types of news genres, their stylistic formats and sources, the nationalities and countries of origin of migrants, their routes of entry into Libya, the methods employed by responsible authorities in dealing with them, the styles, types, and objectives of news coverage on irregular migration topics, the accompanying images, the consequences resulting from irregular migration, and the solutions and proposals presented by the relevant authorities. Among the most significant findings of the study is that the priority in publication was given to the news genre, accounting for 93.5%. The value of importance ranked highest among news values at 41%, followed by human interest at 27%. The Libyan News Agency website relied primarily on its own sources (30.7%), followed by the Anti-Illegal Migration Agency (25.6%). The highest percentage of migrant origin was classified as “unspecified” (23%), with a total of 3,031 migrants recorded during the study period. The second highest category was “various nationalities” at 10%. The proportion of migrants who were rescued reached 60%. Deportation ranked first among the methods of dealing with irregular migrants (34.6%), followed by rescue operations (16.6%). The highest percentage of human traffickers came from Bangladesh (34%), followed by Libyan traffickers (27.5%). The most prominent objective was maintaining internal security in Libya (39.7%), followed by promoting respect for laws (29%). The most notable styles of news coverage were the security and legal approaches, at nearly equal rates of 33% and 32%, respectively. The most serious consequence of irregular migration was forgery (35.8%), followed by smuggling (16.6%). The most important solutions implemented or proposed, according to the news coverage, were securing Libya’s borders (35.8%), followed by holding meetings and seeking solutions (18%).
News coverage, irregular migration, Libyan News Agency website.
The Impact of Economic Variables on Libya’s Monetary Reserves
This study examines the impact of local and international economic variables on Libya’s monetary reserves, with a focus on the role these reserves play in achieving financial and economic stability. The research aims to explore the nature of the relationship between key economic indicators—such as oil prices, exchange rates, government spending levels, and the volume of monetary reserves—and to analyze the factors influencing these reserves. It also investigates the policies and measures adopted by the Central Bank of Libya to preserve reserve levels. The study employs a descriptive analytical approach by reviewing and analyzing economic indicators in the context of both domestic and global variables. The findings reveal that monetary reserves are a fundamental component in maintaining national economic stability. Their management requires prudent policies and balanced utilization. Libya possesses strong monetary reserves, but sustaining economic stability demands comprehensive reforms and effective political cooperation.
Economic Variables, Monetary Reserves, Libyan State
The Utility of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Ultrasonography for Non-Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A Systematic Review
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are leading causes of maternal mortality, with neurological complications being major contributors. These events are strongly linked to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), which is challenging to diagnose clinically. Invasive ICP monitoring, the gold standard, is often contraindicated in this population due to coagulopathy risks. This review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate the existing literature on the use of ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement as a non-invasive surrogate for ICP monitoring in patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2000 and 2023. Search terms included "preeclampsia," "eclampsia," "intracranial pressure," "optic nerve sheath diameter," and "ultrasonography." The review focused on clinical studies, validation papers, and systematic reviews relevant to the application of ONSD in obstetrics and neurocritical care. The reviewed literature consistently demonstrates a strong anatomical and physiological basis for ONSD as an ICP surrogate. Clinical studies confirm that preeclamptic and eclamptic patients have significantly larger ONSD values compared to healthy pregnant controls, and that these diameters decrease following delivery and magnesium sulfate therapy. Ultrasonographic ONSD measurement is a highly promising, non-invasive tool for identifying raised ICP in preeclampsia. Its integration into clinical practice could facilitate earlier intervention and improve maternal outcomes. Future research should focus on standardizing measurement protocols, establishing definitive cut-off values, and validating its prognostic value in large-scale prospective trials. تُعد مقدمات الارتعاج والارتعاج من الأسباب الرئيسية لوفيات الأمهات، وتُسهم المضاعفات العصبية بشكل كبير في هذه الوفيات. وترتبط هذه الحالات ارتباطًا وثيقًا بارتفاع الضغط داخل الجمجمة، والذي يُعد من الحالات الصعبة في التشخيص السريري. ويُعتبر القياس الجراحي للضغط داخل الجمجمة هو المعيار الذهبي، إلا أنه غالبًا ما يكون غير مناسب لهذه الفئة من المرضى بسبب مخاطر اضطرابات التخثر. تهدف هذه المراجعة إلى تحليل وتقييم الأدبيات العلمية المتوفرة حول استخدام قياس قطر غمد العصب البصري بالموجات فوق الصوتية كبديل غير جراحي لرصد الضغط داخل الجمجمة لدى مرضى مقدمات الارتعاج والارتعاج. وقد تم إجراء بحث في قواعد البيانات PubMed وScopus وGoogle Scholar للمقالات المنشورة بين عامي 2000 و2023، باستخدام مصطلحات بحث شملت: "مقدمات الارتعاج"، "الارتعاج"، "الضغط داخل الجمجمة"، "قطر غمد العصب البصري"، و"الموجات فوق الصوتية". ركزت المراجعة على الدراسات السريرية، وأوراق التحقق من المنهجية، والمراجعات المنهجية ذات الصلة بتطبيق قياس غمد العصب البصري في طب التوليد والرعاية العصبية الحرجة. وقد أظهرت الأدبيات المستعرضة بشكل متسق وجود أساس تشريحي وفسيولوجي قوي لاستخدام غمد العصب البصري كمؤشر بديل للضغط داخل الجمجمة. كما أكدت الدراسات السريرية أن مرضى مقدمات الارتعاج والارتعاج لديهم قيم غمد العصب البصري أعلى بشكل ملحوظ مقارنةً بالحالات الطبيعية، وأن هذه القيم تنخفض بعد الولادة وعلاج كبريتات المغنيسيوم. يُعد قياس غمد العصب البصري بالموجات فوق الصوتية أداة واعدة للغاية وغير جراحية لتحديد ارتفاع الضغط داخل الجمجمة في حالات مقدمات الارتعاج. وقد يُسهم دمجه في الممارسة السريرية في تسريع التدخل وتحسين نتائج الأمهات. وينبغي أن تركز الأبحاث المستقبلية على توحيد بروتوكولات القياس، وتحديد القيم الفاصلة الدقيقة، والتحقق من القيمة التنبؤية لهذه التقنية في دراسات مستقبلية واسعة النطاق.
Preeclampsia, Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter, Neurological Monitoring
The Nature of Medical Liability in Libyan Law
The medical profession is one of the oldest and most noble vocations known to humanity. It is also among the most critical, given its direct connection to human life and physical well-being. Beyond its practical role, medicine is a core objective of Islamic law and a foundational pillar of modern legal systems. The physician is not merely a practitioner, but a central figure in an integrated process aimed at preserving life and safeguarding human dignity. Health is a blessing whose value is truly appreciated only by those who have endured the pain and burdens of illness. By divine mercy, there have always been individuals in every time and place who are guided to discover remedies that lead to healing. The Libyan legislator made a commendable step by enacting Law No. 17 of 1986 concerning medical liability. This law represents a focused legal framework addressing a specific category—medical and allied health professions. In Libya, medical liability is considered contractual in nature when a valid agreement exists between the patient and physician, fulfilling all legal conditions and elements. In the absence of such a contractual relationship, liability assumes a tort-based nature. Thus, medical liability in Libya is dual in character. إن مهنة الطبيب من المهن التي وجدت منذ آلاف السنين، وهي من المهن النبيلة، وأكثرها خطورة لارتباطها الوثيق بحياة الإنسان وسلامة جسده، وقبل كل ذلك فهي مقصد من مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية، وركيزة من ركائز الأنظمة القانونية المعاصرة؛ فالطبيب ليس صاحب مهنة فحسب، بل هو طرف أساسي في عملية متكاملة تستهدف صون الحياة، والحفاظ على النفس البشرية؛ فالصحة نعمة لا يعرف قيمتها إلا الذين ذاقوا آلام المرض، وجربوا همومه ومتاعبه. وقد اقتضت رحمة الله تعالى بعباده أن يوجد في كل زمان ومكان أناسًا يوفقهم إلى معرفة الدواء الذي يؤدي إلى الشفاء من العلل والأسقام. وقد أحسن المشرِّع الليبي صنعًا بإصداره القانون رقم (17) لسنة 1986م بشأن المسئولية الطبية، ويعتبر بؤرة جديدة يختص بفئة معينة، وهي المهن الطبية والطبية المساعدة، وتعتبر المسئولية الطبية في ليبيا ذات طبيعة عقدية إذا كان هناك عقد صحيح بين المريض والطبيب تمثلت فيه كافة الشروط والأركان، وتكون المسؤولية الطبية ذات طبيعة تقصيرية في الحالة التي تنتفي فيها العلاقة التعاقدية، فهي ذات طبيعة مزدوجة
Medical Liability, Libyan Law, Medical Profession
Distribution of Migratory Birds in the Southern Oasis Regions (Ghat – Ubari – Murzuq), Libya (2025–2026)
The Saharan oases of Ghat, Ubari, and Murzuq form a sparse network of freshwater and palm-grove habitats that likely serve as short stopovers for Palearctic and Afro-tropical migrants. Yet, standardized, season-resolved data from Libya’s deep desert remain scarce. This study (2025–2026) will quantify seasonal variation in species composition and abundance across these three oasis systems and test how hydrological conditions (water surface area, depth, electrical conductivity as a salinity proxy) and disturbance (people, vehicles, livestock, gunfire, dogs) shape migrant use. We will conduct synchronized point counts and scan counts on open water and groves in autumn, winter, and spring, with distance sampling/time-of-detection to address detectability. Each visit will include standardized habitat measurements and georeferenced photo/audio vouchers; data will be archived to open repositories and aligned with International Waterbird Census protocols to enable comparisons with national winter baselines. Analyses (GLMMs/GAMs, ordination, turnover metrics) will test explicit hypotheses about seasonal change, species–environment relationships, and stopover timing relative to pre-Saharan versus trans-Saharan strategies. Outputs include: (i) bilingual checklists and abundance indices per site/season, (ii) a decision-ready monitoring protocol, (iii) a KBA screening table against BirdLife thresholds, and (iv) management guidance on water-level stewardship and disturbance buffers. The project will close a major geographic data gap in Libya’s monitoring network and provide defensible evidence to support conservation planning in Fezzan’s oasis landscapes.
Migratory Birds; Oasis Wetlands; Fezzan (Libya); Stopover Ecology; Hydrology–Biodiversity Links; Disturbance; IWC/IBA–KBA; Distance Sampling
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing the Quality of Financial Auditing in Libyan Banks: An Applied Study on Banks in Tobruk City
This study highlights the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in improving the quality of financial auditing in Libyan banks. The research problem is defined as examining the impact of AI technologies on the auditing process within Libyan financial institutions by monitoring and evaluating the mechanisms of AI implementation in these banks. To achieve the study’s objective, a structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to the study population, which included bank managers, financial directors, financial auditors, and heads of accounting departments in Tobruk City. A total of 50 validated questionnaires were distributed, and statistical tests were conducted on the collected data. The findings revealed that Libyan banks currently employ AI technologies in a limited capacity, particularly in areas related to expert systems, neural networks, machine learning, robotics, and natural language processing. The study also identified several challenges hindering the effective use of AI in financial auditing across Libya. In conclusion, the study recommends enhancing the adoption of AI mechanisms in Libyan banks, emphasizing their potential to add significant value to the financial auditing process. ألقت الدراسة الضوء على دور الذكاء الاصطناعي في تعزيز جودة التدقيق المالي في المصارف اللبيبة وتتحدد مشكله الدراسة في بيان أثر استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي على عمليه التدقيق داخل المصارف الليبية من خلال رصد وتقييم آليات الذكاء الاصطناعي داخل المصارف اللبيبة ؛ ولتحقيق هدف الدراسية تم استخدام استمارة استبيان وتوزيعها على مجتمع الدراسة مكون من كافة مدراء المصارف في مدينة طبرق والمدراء الماليين والمدققين الماليين ورؤساء الأقسام المحاسبية وعدد الاستمارات (50) أستمارة تم توزيع الاستبيان بعد التحكيم على أفراد عينه الدراسة بعد اجراء الاختبارات الاحصائية على بيانات الدراسة ؛ قد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج كان مفادها أن المصارف الليبية تستخدم تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي بشكل محدود فيما يخص الأليات متعلقة النظم الخيرة والشبكات العصبية والتعليم الآلي والروبورتات ومعالجة اللغة الطبيعية، وأن هناك تحديدات تواجه استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في التدقيق المالي في ليبيا ، وانتهت الدراسة بتوصيات لدعم تطبيق الذكاء الاصطناعي في المصارف الليبية من خلال تبنى الاهتمام بأليات الذكاء الاصطناعي بما تحققه من أضافة قيمة للتدقيق المالي داخل المصارف.
Artificial Intelligence Mechanisms, Financial Audit Quality, Expert Systems, Algorithms