Alqalam Journal of Science (AJS) (eISSN: 3105-4579) is an authoritative source of information for professionals in a wide range of scientific disciplines. AJS is a multidisciplinary journal and therefore short communication, research and review papers of general significance that are written clearly and well organized will be given preference. Editorial office: research.utripoli@gmail.com 00218910737929
The Effect of Using Augmented Reality Technology on Developing Scientific Concepts and Research Skills among Postgraduate Students at the University of Benghazi
This study aimed to investigate the effect of using augmented reality technology on the development of scientific concepts and research skills among graduate students at the University of Benghazi. The study sample consisted of (80) students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive method was employed, and a quasi-experimental approach was used in selecting the sample. The results of the study indicated that the use of augmented reality technology contributed to the improvement of scientific concepts and the development of information-searching skills among graduate students at the University of Benghazi. Based on these findings, the study presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.
Augmented reality technology, scientific concepts, information research skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using Discrete Fourier Transforms to Create Artistic Visuals
Fourier transforms are a fundamental component of modern techniques due to their wide applications in our digital world. One of the most essential applications of Fourier series is the approximation of periodic functions using trigonometric polynomials. Through this method, closed curves can be traced by manipulating a system of rotating orbits. Fourier transforms are extensively used in signal and sound analysis, as well as in physics and applied mathematics. In this paper, Python programming language was employed to generate animated artistic visuals through rotating orbits, providing a simplified visual demonstration of Fourier transforms. This approach aims to facilitate understanding by merging art with programming.
Fourier transforms, rotating orbits, Python programming
Testing Local Isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum at Different Salinity Levels and Their Potential Use as Biofertilizer
Rhizobium bacteria are among the most important beneficial soil microbes because they contribute to atmospheric nitrogen fixation and live symbiotically with leguminous plants. Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plants, present in the atmosphere at about 79%, but plants cannot directly utilize it from the air. Its availability depends on soil type. The aim of this study was to test the ability of isolates to grow in environments with different salt concentrations, select the best isolates for salt tolerance, and evaluate their potential use as biofertilizers after further studies. Six isolates of R. leguminosarum were obtained from root nodules of Vicia faba (broad bean) collected from different regions in western Libya: Bir Al-Touta (RL 01), Souq Al-Sabt (RL 02), Qasr Bin Ghashir (RL 03), Ain Zara (RL 04), Msallata (RL 05), and Al-Khums (RL 06). Some chemical tests were performed to confirm their identity. In this research, the effect of several salinity concentrations on Rhizobium growth was studied using nutrient media with different sodium chloride levels (0 ppm, 3000 ppm, 6000 ppm, 9000 ppm). Growth efficiency was assessed by culturing the isolated colonies. Results showed that RL 01 colonies were inhibited at all concentrations except the control, while RL 04 colonies were inhibited at 6000 ppm and 9000 ppm. Among the six isolates studied, RL 02, RL 03, and RL 05 were the most tolerant to salinity, whereas RL 06 was the least resistant compared to the others.
Rhizobium leguminosarum, salinity, broad bean, Vicia faba
The Role of Cats in the Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Urban and Rural Areas of Gharyan, Libya
The zoonotic protozoan parasite is quite widespread around the globe. The human species is part of a group of warm-blooded animals that can serve as a host for the protozoan parasite. The domestic cat is the definitive host of the protozoan parasite. Domestic cats are significant in the transmission of the protozoan parasite due to the very resistant oocysts they discharge in their feces. The objective of this research was to determine how domestic cats transmit Toxoplasma gondii in both rural and urban regions of Gharyan, Libya. Fecal samples from domestic and stray cats in some regions of Gharyan city were obtained using a cross-sectional method. The results of the parasitological tests for detecting T. gondii oocysts in 120 cat fecal samples showed that T. gondii was present in 28 (23.3%) of the samples. This implies that T. gondii transmission may be facilitated by a large number of domestic cats. Secondly, the results revealed that the parasite had a higher prevalence in the rural area (30.0%) than in the urban area (16.7%). Thirdly, the results revealed that the parasite had a higher prevalence in stray cats (27.1%) than in domestic cats (18.0%). The environmental factors that are involved in the transmission of the parasite include the presence of animal life, exposure to soil, and poor waste disposal. This illustrates the role that cats play in the transmission of the T. gondii parasite and the need to control stray cats and maintain a clean environment in the prevention of the transmission of toxoplasmosis in Libya.
Toxoplasma Gondii, Cats, Toxoplasmosis, Urban, Rural, Environmental Contamination
A Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Framework for Efficient Association Rule Mining in Large-Scale Datasets
Association Rule Mining (ARM) is a fundamental data mining technique for discovering interesting relationships in large datasets. However, traditional ARM algorithms face significant scalability and efficiency challenges when applied to big data contexts, often generating excessive redundant rules with diminished practical utility. This paper proposes a novel Genetic Algorithm (GA) framework specifically designed for large-scale ARM that employs multi-objective optimization. The framework simultaneously optimizes three key rule quality metrics—support, confidence, and lift—while explicitly minimizing rule redundancy and complexity. Experimental evaluation on multiple large-scale datasets demonstrates that our GA-based approach significantly outperforms conventional methods like Apriori and FP-Growth in both computational efficiency and rule quality. The proposed framework reduces execution time by up to 84% compared to Apriori and up to 42% compared to FP-Growth while increasing the proportion of high-quality, actionable rules by approximately 35% compared to traditional methods. These results confirm the effectiveness of our multi-objective GA framework as a robust and scalable solution for knowledge discovery in contemporary big data environments.
Association Rule Mining, Genetic Algorithm, Multi-Objective Optimization, Knowledge Discovery, Rule Quality, Scalability
Gender-Based Variation in Morphogenetic Traits in Sirte, Libya: Arm-Folding Differences
This study investigates gender-based variations in human morphogenetic traits within the Sirte area of Libya, using data from 373 females and 255 males. The studied variables include attached earlobe, free earlobe, square earlobe, tapering earlobe, tongue rolling, tongue folding, widow's peak, straight hairline, right cheek, left cheek, right clasping, left clasping, right writing, and left writing. The study found no significant sex differences for most variables. However, it highlights statistically significant differences in arm-folding patterns: left arm folding was 45% in males and 55% in females (P = 0.012), while right arm folding was 56% in males and 44% in females (P = 0.012). These findings contribute to the understanding of population-specific morphogenetic trait distributions and highlight potential sex-linked expressions in certain physical characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alqalam Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Information Technology in Enhancing Digital Transformation in Libyan Society
This study demonstrates that information and communication technology (ICT) has become a fundamental factor in competition, growth, and development. In the context of rapid digitization, ICT aims to facilitate access to public services for all citizens. It has contributed to changing lifestyles and the way services are consumed, with many processes now being automated and requiring minimal human intervention. The study seeks to explore the extent of digital transformation within society and its implications for development.
Information Technology, Digital Transformation, Libyan Society
The Role of Distance Education in Improving the Quality of Learning among Students of Benghazi University – Al-Marj Branch: A Field Study on the Faculties of Media, Education, and Information Technology
This study aims to examine the role of distance education in improving the quality of learning among students at Benghazi University – Al-Marj branch, with a focus on the faculties of Media, Education, and Information Technology. The research employed a descriptive field methodology and targeted a sample of faculty members and students to explore the reality of using social media networks in the educational process, their ability to enhance interaction between professors and students, and the obstacles hindering the application of e-learning. The findings revealed that distance education provides scientific, practical, and societal benefits, including diversifying teaching methods to suit individual differences, reducing financial and time costs compared to traditional education, and expanding opportunities for collaboration and communication between students and faculty through modern technological tools. The study also indicated that the Faculty of Information Technology was the most prepared to engage with contemporary innovations, followed by the Faculty of Education and then the Faculty of Media.
Education, Quality, Benghazi, Media Faculties
Plants of Wadi Al-Jez'ah and Their Role in the Formation of Fertility Islands
This study was conducted in the Wadi Al-Jaz'ah area of ​​Wadi Al-Shatti, southern Libya. The plant species present in the area were identified, and soil samples were collected from the plants at a rate of three plants (replications) per species. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in the soil were estimated, in addition to pH and electrical conductivity. The study revealed the presence of seven plant species: Acacia raddiana, Retama raetam, Atriplex halimus, Zilla spinosa, Panicum turgidum, Citrullus colocynthis, and Pergularia tomentosa L. Despite the different plant species, the soil exhibited similar pH values, ranging from 6.56 to 7.06, while the electrical conductivity of the soil ranged from 1.87 in Panicum turgidum soil to 2.77 in the soil of Pergularia tomentosa L. This indicates varying effects of the plants on soil properties. This may be due to plant size or differences in nutrient concentrations among the plants, which in turn affect soil pH and conductivity. Generally, nutrient concentrations were not high in the soil, as dry soils are typically nutrient-poor. However, statistical analysis did not show significant differences in magnesium concentrations among the different plant species (p>0.05). These results show that the highest concentrations of calcium and magnesium were found in the Retama raetam and Pergularia tomentosa soils, indicating differences in the plants' ability to form fertility islands and accumulate nutrients in the soil. The average calcium concentration in the soil was 77.02 ppm, and the magnesium concentration was 19.5 ppm. Comparison between the two elements showed significant differences in concentration (p<0.05). This study recommends further attention to Wadi Al-Jaz'ah and similar poor environments, as they are sensitive to any loss of vegetation cover or any irrational use of the soil. The existing plants also play an important role in the formation of fertile islands and are considered a haven for many wildlife, which necessitates protecting them and activating measures that ensure a stable and safe environment for them. Keywords: Wadi Al-Jez'ah , dry environment, organic matter
Wadi Al-Jazaa, arid environment, organic matter
The Functional performance of prepositions in Arabic Grammar
This study examines prepositions in Arabic grammar as essential grammatical elements in the construction of linguistic structures and the formation of meaning. It aims to explore the functional and semantic roles of prepositions in the Arabic sentence and to clarify their contribution to identifying the grammatical and semantic relationships among the components of the syntactic structure. The study adopts a descriptive- analytical approach by analyzing a number of linguistic examples drawn from the Holy Qur'an and selected Arabic texts in order to reveal the various functions performed by prepositions within linguistic contexts. The findings indicate that the role of prepositions is not limited to assigning the genitive case to the nouns that follow them; rather, they also contribute to the construction of meaning and the identification of semantic relations between sentence elements, such as relations of circumstance, causation, beginning, termination, and accompaniment. The study further demonstrates that linguistic context plays a significant role in determining the functional and semantic performance of prepositions within the sentence. يتناول هذا البحث حروف الجر في النحو العربي بوصفها من العناصر النحوية المهمة في بناء التركيب اللغوي وإنتاج الدلالة، ويهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن الأداء الوظيفي والدلالي لحروف الجر في الجملة العربية، وأثرها في تحديد العلاقات بين مكونات التركيب، واعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال تحليل عدد من الشواهد اللغوية المستمدة من القرآن الكريم وبعض النصوص العربية؛ للكشف عن الوظائف التي تؤديها حروف الجر في السياق اللغوي، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن حروف الجر لا يقتصر دورها على جر الأسماء التي تليها فحسب، بل تسهم كذلك في بناء المعنى وتحديد العلاقات الدلالية بين عناصر الجملة، مثل: علاقات الظرفية والسببية والابتداء والانتهاء والمصاحبة وغيرها، كما أظهرت الدراسة أن السياق اللغوي يؤدي دورا مهما في توجيه الدلالة وتحديد الوظيفة التي يؤديها حرف الجر في التركيب
Prepositions, Arabic Grammar, Grammatical Function, Semantics, Syntactic Relations
Effect Analysis of Soil Saturation and Slope Angle on the Geotechnical Stability of an Engineered Soil Slope – Bir Al-Ghanam Road, Libya
This study investigates the geotechnical stability of an industrial slope located parallel to the Bir al-Ghanam road in western Libya, with particular emphasis on the Effects of soil saturation and slope inclination on slope stability conditions. Field surveys were conducted to determine slope geometry, while laboratory testing was performed to evaluate variations in shear strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) under different water quantities (10, 20, 30, and 50 mm). The findings indicate a progressive reduction in shear strength parameters with increasing saturation. However, the primary mechanism governing stability deterioration was the generation of pore water pressure, which significantly reduced the effective stress along the potential slip surface. Numerical simulations were carried out using RocPlane software to estimate the factor of safety under varying hydraulic scenarios. Results reveal that steep slopes (80–90°) remain relatively stable under low moisture conditions but approach critical stability states as saturation and pore pressure increase. Conversely, reducing the slope angle from 80° to 25° significantly enhanced stability due to reduced driving forces and increased resisting forces.
Engineered Slope, Slope Stability, Cohesion and Friction Angle, Geotechnical Analysis of Slopes
Evaluating the Impact of Robotics, AI, and Virtual Environment on Shoulder Neuro-Rehabilitation in Children with Cerebral Palsy from Birth: A Pilot Study
This pilot study investigates the feasibility and efficacy of a novel neuro-rehabilitation system combining robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and a virtual environment to restore shoulder motion in children with cerebral palsy (CP) from birth. At BARAK General Hospital (BGH) and Wadi Alshatti University (WAU), two children with CP participated in a 2-month intervention using the proposed system targeting the right (affected) shoulder. We measured restoration of all degrees of freedom (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation) in the right shoulder. At the end of the intervention, each child achieved full restoration of all right shoulder degrees of freedom. We discuss the multiple benefits of using robotics, AI, and virtual reality (VR) in paediatric neurorehabilitation, including motivation, repetition, objective measurement, adaptive difficulty, and engagement. While the sample size is very small, the positive results suggest promise for further larger‐scale studies. Provisional results are presented with detailed kinematic data for each subject, especially for their shoulder kinematics.
Robotics; Artificial Intelligence; Virtual Reality; Neuro-Rehabilitation; Hemiplegia
The Centrality of Interactivity and Pedagogical Activities in eLearning Environments: A Review and Framework for Design
Although contemporary eLearning systems are equipped with a rich palette of information technology tools, multimedia, learning analytics, data mining, and artificial intelligence algorithms, student achievement and engagement remain reliant on the quality of the embedded pedagogical activities. The primary aim is to provide a practical framework for eLearning platform designers and instructors to select, design, and personalize interactive activities that align with individual learner styles, thereby maximizing interactivity and student attainment. This paper synthesizes recent empirical evidence on interactive instructional activities that can be integrated into online courses and proposes concrete design guidelines for platform developers and teachers. The review is organized around three questions: (1) Which interactive activity types have demonstrated the strongest effects on learning outcomes? (2) How can these activities be algorithmically personalized to individual learning styles? (3) What implementation frameworks support sustainable adoption by instructors? Findings indicate that collaborative problem-solving, adaptive quizzes, simulation-based tasks, and reflective micro-blogging yield medium-to-large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 0.50–0.82) across STEM and humanities domains. Personalization is most effective when learner-modeling combines cognitive, metacognitive, and affective indicators. Finally, adoption success correlates with the availability of authoring templates, real-time analytics dashboards, and communities of practice. The paper wraps up with a design checklist and suggestions for future research, along with evidence-based recommendations for ongoing development and integration.
E-learning, Interactivity, Instructional Design, Learning Analytics, Adaptive Learning
The Extent of Awareness Among Nursing Students in Surman Regarding the Dangers of Excessive Analgesic Use
This research endeavor sought to evaluate the extent of awareness among students enrolled in the College of Nursing in Surman concerning the potential risks associated with the overconsumption of analgesics, as well as to scrutinize their related medication practice, particularly in the context of the prevalent use of these medications and their unrestricted availability without prescription. A descriptive analytical methodology was utilized, with the study's sample comprising seventy male and female nursing students from the College of Nursing in Surman. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire designed based on the extant literature, which encompassed demographic variables, awareness of the risks linked to analgesic use, pharmaceutical practices, and a critical inquiry regarding the necessity for educational initiatives aimed at promoting the rational use of medications. The results indicated that the overwhelming majority of students possessed prior experience with analgesic consumption, and the overall mean level of awareness was assessed to be satisfactory, reflecting a significant understanding of the health risks associated with excessive intake, including the potential for hepatic and renal impairment, as well as the risk of dependence associated with prolonged usage. Conversely, the findings exposed discernible inconsistencies in pharmaceutical practices; while students exhibited commendable adherence to consulting healthcare professionals or pharmacists and adhering to prescribed dosages, certain irrational behaviors persisted, such as the utilization of analgesics during examination periods and the sharing of medications with peers. Moreover, a significant proportion of students recognized the imperative for the college to initiate awareness programs designed to foster responsible medication use. The study concludes by underscoring the existing disparity between theoretical knowledge and practical application, thereby accentuating the necessity of reinforcing applied educational initiatives that aim to modify pharmaceutical behaviors and establish safe practices among nursing students.
Analgesics, Drug Awareness, Self-medication, Nursing Students, Safe Medication Use, Libya
The Influence of Dietary Lipid Source on Renal Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Composition in Suffolk Rams
This study investigated the influence of dietary lipid source on the fatty acid (FA) composition of kidney (perirenal) adipose tissue in Suffolk rams. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of replacing a palm-based protected fat (Megalac, high in palmitic acid) with a protected fish oil supplement, with or without the inclusion of Green Lip Mussel (GLM) extract, to reduce the content of less desirable saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and enhance the deposition of beneficial long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs; EPA and DHA). Twelve rams were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: (1) Megalac (SFA control), (2) Megalac + GLM, (3) Fish Oil, and (4) Fish Oil + GLM. After the feeding period, kidney fat samples were analyzed for FA composition. The principal finding was that dietary lipid sources significantly altered the tissue FA profile. Rams fed fish oil-based diets exhibited a substantial reduction (P < 0.01) in the proportion of palmitic acid (C16:0) compared to those fed Megalac-based diets. However, the enrichment of kidney fat with LC n-3 PUFAs was minimal; only docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) showed a small but significant increase (P < 0.03) in fish oil groups, while eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) remained at trace levels. The inclusion of GLM extract did not consistently enhance LC n-3 PUFA deposition. The fraction of "remaining fatty acids" was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the fish oil groups, suggesting the accumulation of minor or unidentified FAs. In conclusion, protected fish oil supplementation effectively reduced the proportion of nutritionally unfavorable C16:0 in rams’ kidney fat but was largely ineffective in achieving substantial enrichment with EPA and DHA, highlighting the persistent barrier posed by ruminal biohydrogenation. These results indicate that future strategies to improve the FA profile of ruminant products require more effective methods to bypass rumen metabolism, potentially through combined approaches involving advanced protection technologies and specific rumen modifiers.
Kidney Fat, Dietary Lipids, Fish Oil, Ruminal Biohydrogenation, Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Decline Curve Analysis for Farrud Reservoir in Zenad Oil Field
Decline curve analysis (DCA), in petroleum engineering, is a tool being used to do many calculations, for instance: to estimate original oil in place, to estimate ultimate oil reserve (EUR) at initial reservoir conditions, to estimate remaining oil reserves from certain time to the end of reservoir age (that to be at future reservoir abandonment pressure or economic production rate), to forecast future production rate at any desired time and predict the reservoir performance. The basis of decline curve analysis (DCA) is to match past production performance histories or trends (i.e., actual production rate/time data) with a “model” assuming that future production continues to follow the past trend. The decline-curve methods apply to individual wells or an entire reservoir. This project presents basic concepts and applications of decline curve analysis using OFM software. Well-testing data from ten producer-wells in the Farrud reservoir were collected and subjected to DCA calculations through OFM software. The results showed that, for the whole Farrud reservoir, the economic flow rate was about 300 STB/D of oil, the recoverable reserves at initial reservoir conditions (EUR) were 80.2 MMSTB oil, and the remaining reserves at the time of study were 19.96 MMSTB oil, with an expected abandonment date of November- 2058. The decline curve analysis for the entire field is more reliable than for the wells, and the remaining reserve for the entire reservoir is very close to the summation of the remaining reserves for the ten well producers. Finally, it is preferable to evaluate the reserves with other methods, such as the MBAL software or utilizing the Petrel software to conduct the reservoir simulation study, in order to ensure that the results that have been obtained are dependable.
Oil reserve, Decline Curve Analysis, Recovery factor
First Impressions are not the Last Impressions: A Phonetic Study Based on TER in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice
This paper examines the role of phonetics and speech patterns in shaping characters' perceptions within Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. Originally titled First Impressions, Austen's novel utilizes these elements to critique social prejudice, class expectations, and the risks inherent in hasty judgments. By employing Textual Emotional Recognition (TER) as a methodological framework, this research conducts a literary emotion analysis with a specific focus on phonetic features. Adopting this phonetic lens, the study uncovers the emotional architecture of Austen’s narrative, establishing a bridge between vocal speech patterns and readers’ perception of emotional shifts. Consequently, the findings reinforce the novel's central theme: that first impressions are not the last impressions, a concept that remains highly relevant in the modern social media era. Ultimately, identifying emotions within textual data demonstrates that emotion recognition is paramount to successful communication between individuals. That's because awareness of phonological emotional cues allows individuals to articulate feelings more clearly and mitigate the threats posed by first impressions.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Phonetics, Speech Patterns, First Impressions
Characterizations of Multiplicative Linear Functionals on Banach Algebras
Let be a Banach algebra. It is well known that there exist non-zero algebra homomorphisms from into the complex field , equivalently, there exist non-zero multiplicative linear functionals defined on . Such functionals play a central role in the structural analysis of Banach algebras, as they are closely related to maximal ideals. In this paper, we examine their fundamental properties and explore their connections with maximal ideals and their role in shaping the underlying algebraic structure. Furthermore, we provide several new characterizations that clarify the behavior of these functionals under various algebraic conditions. In addition, we establish and extend a number of related results, offering generalizations and refinements of known theorems in the literature.
Banach Algebras, Multiplicative Linear Functionals, Maximal Ideals
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Governance of Islamic Finance Contracts
This study explores the impact of artificial intelligence on the governance of Islamic finance contracts. Islamic banking faces increasing challenges due to the complexity of financial contracts and the rapid pace of digital transformation. The research highlights how AI can automate Sharia compliance auditing, detect prohibited elements such as riba and gharar, and reduce operational risks through instant review and proactive alerts. AI also strengthens governance and transparency by providing digital documentation of contract review stages, while accelerating contract approval cycles to improve efficiency and customer trust. The study addresses a clear gap in the literature by offering a methodological framework that integrates Sharia, legal, and technological perspectives, proposing a balanced governance model that harmonizes technological innovation with compliance requirements. يتناول البحث أثر الذكاء الاصطناعي في حوكمة عقود التمويل الإسلامي، حيث تواجه الصيرفة الإسلامية تحديات متزايدة نتيجة تعقيد العقود المالية وتطور أدواتها بالتوازي مع التحول الرقمي. يوضح البحث كيف يمكن للذكاء الاصطناعي أن يسهم في أتمتة التدقيق الشرعي، كشف البنود المخالفة مثل الربا والغرر، وتقليل المخاطر التشغيلية عبر الفحص الفوري والتنبيهات الاستباقية. كما يعزز الذكاء الاصطناعي مبادئ الحوكمة والشفافية من خلال التوثيق الرقمي لمراحل مراجعة العقود، ويسرّع دورة اعتمادها، مما يرفع كفاءة المؤسسات المالية الإسلامية ويعزز الثقة لدى المتعاملين. يهدف البحث إلى سد فجوة علمية في الأدبيات عبر تقديم إطار منهجي يدمج بين المرجعية الشرعية والقانونية والتقنية، ويقترح نموذجاً متوازناً يحقق الانسجام بين التطور التقني ومتطلبات الامتثال الشرعي والتنظيمي
Balancing Nutrient Levels: Meeting Specific Requirements for Different Poultry Groups
Abstract The nutrient composition of poultry diets is one of the major aspects that ensure high performance, productivity, and sustainability in poultry production This study proposed evaluating the various nutritional requirements for various poultry types, such as broilers, layers, breeders, and turkeys, along with the impact of finished diets on growth performance, reproductive performance, and the quality of the finished products during production. In this research, a comparative analytical platform was used, where a total of 240 birds were evenly divided between the four types of poultry groups. In this study, the different formulated diets were used according to the physiology of the different groups of poultry, whereby the performance parameters of each diet were determined by the intake of the diets, weight gain, ratio of the diet:weight gain, egg laying, egg quality, fertility, and viability of the offspring. The evaluation of the research indicates varying capacities of the different types of poultry in using the different diet compositions. While the turkeys and broilers can effectively grow using diets high in energy and proteins, the layers need high calcium in the diets to ensure egg laying and quality. The breeders of the poultry indicate high fertility and viability using a diet formulated with proportional compositions of energy, proteins, and micro-nutrients. The present study indicates the using of a diet which formulated according to types of poultry has an important effect on the productivity, efficiency of the used diets, and sustainability of the production processes.
Poultry Nutrition, Nutrient Balance, Broilers, Laying Hens, Breeders, Feed Efficiency
The Impact of Training on Human Resource Performance: An Applied Study on Jumhouria Bank, Tarhuna Branch
Organizational training has become a strategic necessity for companies seeking to enhance the performance of their human resources in today's highly competitive and rapidly evolving technological landscape. This applied study examines the role of training in the performance of human resources at Jumhouria Bank, Tarhuna branch, within the Libyan banking sector. Using current literature in human resource management that emphasizes training as an essential component for enhanced productivity, quality of service, and organizational sustenance, the study aims to analyze the training means and training program content as predictors of employee performance (4; 5). A descriptive-analytical approach was assumed, and data were collected through questionnaires structured around a five-point Likert scale. The sample was the entire branch of the institution (N=40). A sample census was undertaken, and a total of 40 questionnaires were administered. 36 questionnaires were completed, and their responses were processed through SPSS. The measurement tool spanned across two main independent dimensions - training means and training content - and one dependent dimension, human resource performance. Reliability and validity checks were performed to establish clarity and cohesion of the instrument, and results were subjected to suitable descriptive and inferential statistics. Using simple linear regression, it was determined that there was a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between training and employee performance. Training alone accounted for 38.7% of the variance in performance, and training content accounted for 51.4%. When both dimensions were integrated into a singular training variable, the model accounted for 53.1% of the variance in human resource performance, thus proving the central hypothesis that training has a considerable impact on performance. The bank's training programs appear to have increased employees' problem-solving abilities, communication, and task completion speed and accuracy, while also decreasing mistakes. Training impact was especially evident among younger and mid-career employees (under 40), indicating the bank’s training investments to be most effective within this demographic. The study indicates that further improvements in the technological and pedagogical components of training, especially in digital banking and cybersecurity, paired with training outcome-based incentives, have the potential for greater performance gains.
Training, Performance, Human Resources, Banking Industry, Jumhouria Bank, Libya
Sheikh Muhammad Muftah Quriyu and His Book: (Jewels of Jurisprudence Selected from Aqrab al-Masalik al-Hasan al-‘Ibara) – Chapter on Purification, Explanation and Commentary
This study examines Shaykh Muhammad Muftah Quriyo and his work Jawāhir al-Fiqh al-Mukhtārah min Aqrab al-Masālik al-Ḥasan al-ʿIbārah, focusing on his commentary on the chapter of purification (ṭahārah), which serves as the foundational entry point to the chapters of worship in Mālikī jurisprudence. The research highlights the significance of Mālikī legal heritage in demonstrating the contributions of scholars to the teaching and consolidation of the school, with particular emphasis on the figure of Shaykh Quriyo. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach in presenting the Shaykh’s biography and analyzing the structure of his juristic composition, alongside an inductive method in tracing issues of purification, and a comparative method within the school when clarification of the authoritative opinion or delimitation of disputed matters is required. The commentary provides a juristic and analytical explanation of the verses, linking specific rulings to their foundational principles and overarching objectives. The central problem addressed is the extent to which the author succeeded in combining brevity with precision while maintaining adherence to the established positions of the Mālikī school. The study concludes that Shaykh Quriyo remained faithful to the principles of the Mālikī tradition, skillfully organizing issues from the general to the particular, with clarity of expression and careful selection. His treatment of purification demonstrates a profound juristic balance between preserving textual authority and observing higher objectives, particularly in his discussion of the obligations of ritual washing (ghusl), the rulings of dry ablution (tayammum), the intersection of different forms of purification, and the regulations concerning menstruation. تتناول هذه الدراسة الشيخ محمد مفتاح قريو وكتابه: «جواهر الفقه المختارة من أقرب المسالك الحسن العبارة» من خلال شرح وتعليق على باب الطهارة، بوصفه المدخل الأساس لأبواب العبادات في الفقه المالكي. وتنطلق الدراسة من إبراز أهمية التراث الفقهي المالكي لبيان إسهام العلماء في خدمة المذهب تعليمًا وتأصيلاً، مع التركيز على شخصية الشيخ قريو. ويعتمد البحث منهجًا وصفيًا تحليليًا في عرض سيرة الشيخ، وتحليل بنية نظمه الفقهي، مع منهج استقرائي في تتبع مسائل الطهارة، ومنهج مقارن داخل المذهب عند الحاجة إلى بيان المعتمد أو تحرير محل الخلاف. كما يقوم على شرح الأبيات شرحًا فقهيًا تحليليًا يربط الجزئيات بقواعدها الأصولية ومقاصدها الكلية. وتكمن إشكالية الدراسة في تقويم مدى نجاح الناظم في الجمع بين الاختصار والضبط، والمحافظة على المعتمد المذهبي. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن الشيخ قريو التزم بأصول المذهب المالكي، وأحسن ترتيب المسائل من الكلي إلى الجزئي، مع وضوح العبارة ودقة الانتقاء. كما أبرزت معالجته لمسائل الطهارة عمقًا فقهيًا يوازن بين حفظ النصوص ومراعاة المقاصد، خاصة في بيان فرائض الغسل، وأحكام التيمم، وتداخل الطهارتين، وضوابط الحيض
Muhammad Muftah Quriyu, Jewels of Jurisprudence Selected, Aqrab al-Masalik, clarity of expression, purification.
Assessment of Anisakis Larvae Contamination in Atlantic Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L. 1758) from the Western Libyan Coast
Anisakis is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals that utilizes a wide range of fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. These larvae are commonly found in commercially important fish, posing public health risks and reducing marketability. Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) is a known host for Anisakis third-stage (L3) larvae. This study aimed to investigate the presence, prevalence, and intensity of Anisakis larvae infecting T. trachurus from the western Libyan coast. A total of 108 random samples of T. trachurus were collected from the fishing port of Tripoli city. Morphological measurements (total length and weight) were recorded. Fish were dissected, and larvae were collected, counted, and morphologically identified at the genus level using light microscopy. The overall prevalence of Anisakis spp. was 99.07%. Larvae were predominantly found in the muscle tissue, with a lower percentage observed in the body cavity. The intensity of infection was higher in longer fish (19–22 cm), which harbored 35–50 larvae, compared to 10–15 larvae in smaller fish (17–18.5 cm). All larvae were identified as third-stage (L3) larvae of the genus Anisakis. The extremely high infection rate renders T. trachurus less desirable for human consumption and diminishes its economic value in the Libyan market. These findings highlight a significant public health concern and emphasize the need for preventive measures and molecular identification of the species involved.
Trachurus trachurus, Anisakis spp., Western Libyan coast, Prevalence, Zoonosis
Political Participation of Libyan Women in Public Affairs: A Comparative Study
The study aimed to analyze the reality of Libyan women’s political participation in public affairs and to assess the effectiveness of the legal framework in empowering them, with comparisons to international standards and the experiences of some Arab countries. The research adopted descriptive, analytical, inductive, and comparative methods to examine relevant legal texts and to follow the actual participation of women. The findings revealed that women’s participation reflects their awareness of their rights and their ability to influence decision-making, but it remains limited due to social, cultural, educational, and economic barriers. Despite gradual legislative developments since independence and especially after the 2011 revolution—including electoral quotas and the promotion of female representation in councils and government bodies—challenges persist. The study emphasized the importance of clear legislation, support for women’s initiatives, and the application of quota policies to ensure fair and effective participation of women in political life. هدفت الدراسة إلى تحليل واقع المشاركة السياسية للمرأة الليبية في الشأن العام، ومعرفة مدى فاعلية الإطار القانوني في تمكينها، مع المقارنة بالمعايير الدولية وتجارب بعض الدول العربية. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، والاستقرائي، والمقارن في دراسة النصوص القانونية ذات الصلة ومتابعة واقع المشاركة الفعلية للمرأة. أظهرت النتائج أن مشاركة المرأة تعكس وعيها بحقوقها وقدرتها على التأثير في صنع القرار، لكنها ما زالت محدودة بسبب المعوقات الاجتماعية والثقافية والتعليمية والاقتصادية، رغم التطور التدريجي في التشريعات منذ الاستقلال وصولًا لما بعد ثورة 2011، بما في ذلك الكوتا الانتخابية وتعزيز التمثيل النسائي في المجالس والهيئات الحكومية. وأكدت الدراسة أهمية وجود تشريعات واضحة ودعم المبادرات النسوية، بالإضافة إلى تطبيق سياسات الحصص لضمان مشاركة عادلة وفاعلة للمرأة في الحياة السياسية
Political participation, public affairs, Libyan women.
The Synergistic Impact of Integrated Agile and deveops on Software Delivery Performance: An Evidence-Based Synthesis of Velocity, Quality, and Organizational Scaling
The domain of software project management is confronting escalating challenges in adapting to rapidly evolving market demands while ensuring the delivery of high-quality products. In this context, Agile and DevOps methodologies have emerged as pivotal frameworks for accelerating software development and enhancing product quality through fostered collaboration and the seamless integration of development and operations processes. This study provides a rigorous, evidence-based synthesis of the demonstrable impact of integrated Agile and DevOps practices on quantifiable software delivery performance metrics. Adopting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) protocol, this paper rigorously aggregates and synthesizes empirical studies to validate the causal links between methodology adoption and high-performance outcomes across the four dimensions of the DORA (DevOps Research and Assessment) framework. The findings confirm that the synergy between Agile and DevOps leads to the simultaneous optimization of development velocity (high Deployment Frequency and reduced Lead Time for Changes) and system stability (low Change Failure Rate and reduced Mean Time to Recovery).Furthermore, the analysis reveals that successful, large-scale adoption is critically dependent on addressing cultural constraints, fostering psychological safety, integrating security via DevSecOps, and strategically choosing scaling frameworks such as SAFe or LeSS. The core conclusion is that technical rigor alone is insufficient; sustained elite performance requires a holistic transformation that balances technological advancement with profound organizational and cultural change.
Agile; DevOps; DORA Metrics; Systematic Literature Review; Software Delivery Performance; DevSecOps
Life and Death Battle: A mythological Archetypal study of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea
This research explores the theme of Life and Death Battle in Ernest Miller Hemingway’s novella The Old Man and the Sea, which was published by Life Magazine in 1952 in Cuba. The study attempts to interpret archetypal symbolism through the analytical mythological approach, utilizing the lens of Carl Jung’s psychoanalytic theories, especially his notion of archetypes. This literary work is a thought-provoking text rather than a simple story. The thematic concept is clear in the fisherman’s character, who confronts a life-and-death battle, willing to achieve his goal during his journey. This paper seeks to study the archetypal symbols by connecting them to more universal patterns that go beyond literature itself in general and the desires and anxieties of humankind in particular
Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Archetypal Symbolism, Mythological Approach
Exploring Opportunities for Petrochemical Industry Development in Libya
The petrochemical business is one of the vital but underdeveloped segments of the energy economy of Libya. Although the country has massive hydrocarbon reserves, the downstream is not diversified, and its industries are still characterized by the exportation of crude oil. The study seeks to determine the potential of implementing petrochemical industries in Libya through economic, environmental, and institutional factors affecting the growth of the sector. A mixed-method design was used, which included quantitative statistics on national energy reports and surveys of 120 industry professionals, as well as the qualitative interviews of key stakeholders in the oil and gas industry. The obtained figures were implemented and evaluated through the application of descriptive and inferential statistics to assess the current challenges and opportunities, and it was found that 68% of the participants perceive the petrochemical industry as one of the primary areas of economic diversification, and 74% support the idea that better governance and foreign investment policies should be implemented. Workforce readiness and environmental sustainability were found as imperative enablers to long-term development. Furthermore, modernization of technologies and the introduction of renewable energy sources were considered as the key to increasing industry competitiveness. The work paper concludes that Libya has a lot of potential in the development of petrochemicals, but a concerted policy reform, infrastructure investment, and human capital development would ensure sustainable growth. On the whole, the study can be of relevance to policymakers and investors who want to further encourage an inclusive and sustainable industrial transition in the Libyan energy industry.
Libya, Petrochemical Industry, Economic Diversification, Sustainability, Energy Development
The Influence of Arabic Grammar on Modern Linguistic Studies
This research examines the influence of Arabic grammar on the formation of modern linguistic studies by tracing the theoretical and methodological foundations of Arabic grammar and comparing them with the conclusions reached by contemporary linguistics in its approaches and theories. The research is based on the hypothesis that Arabic grammar was not merely a rigid system of rules, but rather a comprehensive linguistic project based on description, analysis, and induction, which makes it ahead of its time in many of its concepts compared to modern linguistic studies. The research reviews the origins and development of Arabic grammar, highlighting its basic concepts such as the factor, inflection, and syntactic structure, and their role in understanding the linguistic system. It then discusses the influences and similarities between Arabic grammar and some modern linguistic trends, such as structuralism, generative grammar, and transformational grammar, especially in issues of deep and surface structure, competence and performance, and the relationship between structure and meaning. The research also addresses the positions of modern linguists on Arabic grammar, between criticism and calls for a contemporary scientific reinterpretation, and emphasizes the importance of drawing on the grammatical heritage in the development of modern linguistic studies, particularly in the fields of discourse analysis, language teaching, and applied linguistics. The research concludes that Arabic grammar remains a knowledge base that can contribute effectively to the construction of a contemporary Arabic linguistic theory based on the integration of authenticity and heritage on the one hand, and modern linguistic research methods on the other.
Grammar – Modern Linguistics – Syntactic Structure – Linguistic Analysis – Linguistic Heritage – Grammatical Renewal.
Study of the Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Rates of Chemical Reactions in Closed Systems
This study aims to provide a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of the effect of temperature and pressure on the rates of chemical reactions in closed systems. The research problem lies in the complex interaction between these two variables within a constant‑volume environment, which leads to deviations from expected kinetic behavior and an increase in operational risks. The study adopted a descriptive‑analytical approach, developing a modified kinetic model that integrates the principles of Transition State Theory and the concept of activation volume (ΔV‡) to analyze kinetic data obtained from monitored reactions. The results confirmed the existence of a conditional correlation between pressure and temperature, showing that the increase in pressure resulting from elevated temperature contributes to accelerating the reaction due to the presence of a negative activation volume. The study identified the optimal operational range that balances maximum reaction rate with thermodynamic constraints, thereby preventing reactors from drifting toward undesirable equilibrium states. It recommends incorporating this advanced model into engineering simulation programs to enhance the efficiency and safety of chemical reactor operations in industry.
Chemical Kinetics, Closed Systems, Temperature, Pressure, Reaction Rate, Volume of Activation, Optimal Range, Transition State Theory
Geospatial Artificial Intelligence in Disaster Management: Prediction, Response, Preparedness, and Challenges
Natural disasters cause deep cracks that strike the social and economic fabric, making the development of risk management strategies imperative and urgent. With the increasing reliance on artificial intelligence as a pillar of decision-making, the dilemma of “technical ambiguity” or “technical obscurity” has emerged. With the increasing reliance on artificial intelligence as a basis for decision-making, the dilemma of “technical ambiguity,” or what is known as the black box, has emerged, prompting the adoption of “explainable artificial intelligence” (XAI) to bring reliability and transparency to analytical processes. This study highlights the great potential of geospatial artificial intelligence (Geo-AI) and how its integration with geographic information systems (GIS) contributes to a qualitative shift in crisis response. The paper also explores the best ways to develop these tools and analyzes the barriers that prevent their full investment within the relevant institutions. In light of the worsening climate crisis, which has cost the world exceeding $3 trillion over the past decade, reliance on smart systems linked tospatial data has become indispensable for predicting risks before they occur. The study concludes with a vision for a future methodology aimed at improving the efficiency of early warning systems and protecting lives and property. تتسبب الكوارث الطبيعية في تصدعات عميقة تضرب النسيج المجتمعي والاقتصادي، مما يجعل تطوير استراتيجيات إدارة المخاطر أمراً حتمياً لا يحتمل التأجيل. ومع تزايد الاعتماد على الذكاء الاصطناعي كركيزة لاتخاذ القرار، برزت معضلة "الغموض التقني" أو ما يُعرف بالصندوق الأسود، وهو ما دفع نحو تبني "الذكاء الاصطناعي القابل للتفسير" (XAI) لإضفاء الموثوقية والشفافية على العمليات التحليلية. تُسلط هذه الدراسة الضوء على الإمكانات الكبيرة للذكاء الاصطناعي الجغرافي المكاني (Geo-AI)، وكيف يساهم اندماجه مع نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) في إحداث نقلة نوعية في مواجهة الأزمات. كما تستقصي الورقة السبل المثلى لتطوير هذه الأدوات، وتحلل العوائق التي تحول دون استثمارها بشكل كامل داخل المؤسسات المعنية. وفي ظل أزمة المناخ المتفاقمةالتي كبدت العالم خسائر تجاوزت 3 تريليونات دولار خلال العقد المنصرم—أصبح الاعتماد على الأنظمة الذكية المرتبطة بالبيانات المكانية خياراً لا غنى عنه للتنبؤ بالمخاطر قبل وقوعها. وتختتم الدراسة بوضع تصور لمنهجية مستقبلية تهدف إلى رفع كفاءة الإنذار المبكر وحماية الأرواح والممتلكات.
Geo-AI, disaster management, prediction, response